I Lorenz ijika kanye yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni emnothweni

I Lorenz ijika kuyinto igrafu ebonisa ukuthi ngokwezinga ekhona e ukwabelana nomphakathi ukungalingani umkhakha nengcebo.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, imali ukungalingani bekulokhu isihloko ucwaningo zezomnotho eziningi ehola eNtshonalanga Yurophu and America. Inkinga eyinhloko isifundo kwaba nokuhlola ukusebenza nokungakhethi of ekwabelaneni umnotho futhi ingenisa malini, owandile umnotho emakethe. Ngo-1905, Maks Lorents, i noSozibalo American, isungule linendlela yalo ukuhlolwa kwe-distribution ingeniso, okuyinto yaziwa ngokuthi "Lorenz ijika".

Esikhathini igrafu ku x-axis limelela isilinganiso sabantu njengoba amaphesenti inani eliphelele, futhi eksisi eqonde ngqo phezulu - yisabelo lemali amaphesenti lemali engenayo. Igrafu lubonisa ukuthi umphakathi kukhona njalo kungalingani engenayo. Ngokwesibonelo, u-20% wokuqala labantu ukuthola% 5 kuphela engenayo, 30% abantu bakuleli batholakale - 10% wemali engenayo, 50% - 25% imali engenayo, nokunye. I Lorenz ijika ikhombisa share imali ezibangelwa amaqembu ehlukene sabantu, kumiswa Usayizi engenayo okuholela.

Kuleso simo, uma esiyibona emphakathini iyunifomu ukusatshalaliswa engenayo, bese ijika kungaba umugqa oqondile (bisector ye-engeli phakathi ahlangene abscissa futhi ahlelembise-eksisi). Lo mugqa ubizwa ngokuthi ukulingana ngokuphelele. ukulingana Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke kungenzeka kuphela theory. Lo mugqa ebonisa ukuthi iyiphi iphesenti ezithile imindeni ukuthola iphesenti ezifanele imali. Okungukuthi, uma u-20%, 50%, 70% of the labantu uzothola ngokulandelana 20%, 50%, 70% imali engenayo isiyonke, kuyilapho amaphuzu okuhambisanayo zitholakala kwi bisector. Futhi kunjalo, uma ngomholo zaba 1% labantu ke igrafu yiyona isikhundla beziyobonakala umugqa mpo - ukungalingani ngokuphelele. Ngakho, ijika Lorenz ikuvumela ukuqhathanisa ukusatshalaliswa engenayo phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene labantu noma ngezikhathi ezihlukene.

Ngokusekelwe igrafu Gini Coefficient. Ngakho, i-Lorenz ijika kanye Gini Coefficient eduze kuhlobene.

I Gini Coefficient ikhombisa ambalwa degree of ukungalingani imali ukusatshalaliswa izinketho ezahlukene. Coefficient yasungulwa Korrado Dzhini, Italian sezomnotho demographer futhi noSozibalo.

Imali kancane ngokulinganayo zisakazwe, leli asondeze Gini Coefficient indlela eya ebunyeni. Unit oluhambisana Ilungile ukungalingani. Ngakho, ukusatshalaliswa iyunifomu Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso kuyoba eduze zero. Zero oluhambisana ukulingana ngokuphelele. Uhlelo lokudluliselwa izinkokhelo kanye intela okuqhubekayo kungaletha emgqeni ukusatshalaliswa ukulingana ngokuphelele. Njengoba okuhlangenwe nakho emazweni asethuthukile, nge isikhathi ukusatshalaliswa engenayo ukungalingani kuyehla.

Enye izinkomba Balisebenzisa imali ukusatshalaliswa labantu Coefficient decile. Ibonisa lihlela isilinganiso phakathi kwama komholo ojwayelekile amaphesenti ayishumi sabantu ikhokhwe kakhulu kakhulu futhi engenayo eyisilinganiso eziyishumi amaphesenti angu okungenani elibusisekile.

Ukuze Russian inguqulelo umnotho we nineties besihambisana nesiminyaminya umkhuba okwandayo engenayo ukungalingani. Ekupheleni kuka-1991, Coefficient decile kwaba 5.4, ngo-1995-ke wasukuma ukuba 13.4, futhi ngo-1998 - ukuze 13.5. I Gini Coefficient lakhuphuka lafika ku-0,376 ngo-1998 kuya 0,256 ngo-1991 I kwamangqamuzana ka kancane, ngokuvamile uhambisana umehluko samaholo phakathi kwabasebenzi ezimbonini ezithile futhi imisebenzi. kwamangqamuzana Interprofessional kanye nemikhakha amazinga kwenkokhelo umnotho emakethe sikhombisa umsebenzi emphakathini ewusizo, iyona lokuma emisebenzini futhi ukuqeqeshwa.