Isisindo ezithile steel. ukushisa Specific of okuhlinza

Babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli ingxubevange yensimbi nabanye chemical compounds. Phakathi yezingxenye sokuqanjwa, carbon elikhona imali 2.14%. Ngenxa khona yensimbi yayo Alloys ethola amandla abo. Isisindo ethize ensimbi kuyinto 75500-77500 N / m. ngezinye izikhathi izakhi alloying zingase ukwakheka ingxubevange. ukushisa eqondile steel at 20 ° C kulinganiswa at 460 J / (kg * ° C), noma 110 cal / (kg * ° C).

ngezigaba

Kukhona imingcele ahlukahlukene umsebenzi embuzweni libhekene ngaphansi kwazo. Ngokwesibonelo, steel ithuluzi takhi. High-speed ingxubevange ubhekwa uhlobo ithuluzi. Kukhona futhi umehluko ngokuhambisana Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali. Kuye ngalokho ezingumsuka zikhona kule ingxubevange, ne-carbon doped ahlukaniswe. Futhi wamukela ngezigaba ezingeni carbon okuhlushwa. Ngakho, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu Alloys:

1. carbon okuphansi. It carbon okuqukethwe 0.25%.

2. Steel okulingene. Lokhu carbon ingxubevange ka mayelana 0.25-0.6%.

3. High carbon steel. Kulesi ingxubevange likhona komyalelo wokungabi 0.6-2% carbon.

Ngokufanayo kuhlukaniswe futhi ingxubevange steel we iphesenti izakhi alloying:

1. A ingxubevange ongaphakeme steel iqukethe kuze kufinyelele 4%.

2. srednelegirovannoj ingxubevange kuyinto ukwethula kuze kufinyelele 11%.

3. High steel elixutshiwe. Iqukethe ezingaphezu kuka-11%.

Steel ezivezwa izindlela ezahlukene futhi besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ekhethekile. Kuye indlela ethile lichaza ekwakheni ingxubevange iqukethe inclusions ahlukahlukene metallic. Le ngxenye kuthinta gravity ethize ensimbi. Ekulinganisweni Alloys ngenani ukungcola ababonakali ngezikhundla:

1. abavamile izinga ukuhlanganiswa.

2. Quality.

3. Lizinga lelisetulu.

4. izinga elithile.

Kukhona ngezigaba ngokuhambisana Ukwakheka isakhi impahla. Ngokwesibonelo, ekhiqizwa ferrite, bainite, austenite, pearlite futhi Martensitic Alloys. Ngokungangabazeki, ukwakheka isakhi steel kuthinta gravity ethize. Alloys nazo lahlukaniswa-isigaba futhi multiphase. It kuncike khona isakhiwo isigaba. Futhi Alloys ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka ubunjalo kanye nobungako solidification ka deoxidation. Ngakho, kukhona okuthulile, steel semi sibulawe futhi ukubila.

izindlela Production babé

Izinto zokusetshenziswa esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa yabalingisi steel. Ukuba khona amanani amakhulu carbon, i-phosphorus nesibabule ngezithako zawo kwenza kube ziyaqothuka futhi ethambile. Ukuze ngokucubungula eyodwa impahla komunye kuyadingeka ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwalezi izinto emakamu oyifunayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ushintsho kanye isisindo ezithile steel, futhi izakhiwo zalo. Omunye noma ezinye Alloys indlela zokukhiqiza kuhilela izindlela ezihlukahlukene namachibi carbon ku yensimbi. Ezisetshenziswa kakhulu:

1. Vula-kwemizi indlela steelmaking. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ndlela kwaba muva kabi ukuncintisana nezinye izindlela.

2. Indlela Converter. Namuhla, ezinhlotsheni eziningi imikhiqizo steel kusetshenziswa lobu buchwepheshe.

3. electrothermal - eyodwa yezindlela eziphambili kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe esikhiqiza steel. Ngenxa yalokho, indaba kukhiqizwa has a high kakhulu.

indlela Converter

Ukusebenzisa le nqubo zobuchwepheshe, ngokweqile, i-phosphorus nesibabule is oxidized nomoya-mpilo. Zilandelwa ngu ohlabayo Umfutho impahla oncibilikisiwe ngokusebenzisa esithandweni ekhethekile. waqamba Converter. Isithando somlilo has ukuma ipheya. Engxenyeni kwangaphakathi - abami ngezitini refractory. Lokhu esithandweni has a ukuhamba okusezingeni eliphezulu: bangakwazi rotated 360 degrees. Likhono Converter amathani angaba ngu-60. Isetshenziselwa ulwelwesi, ngokuvamile amabili izinhlobo izinto zokusetshenziswa:

1. Dinas - sifaka SiO2, okuyinto ine impahla ene-asidi.

2. dolomite isisindo - MgO futhi Cao. It etholwe dolomitic impahla MgCO3 * CaCO3, kokuba izakhiwo eziyisisekelo.

Ngenxa izinto ezahlukene ngoba liner zihlukaniswe esithandweni ukuguqulela noTomase Bessemer. Purged nge air ngaphansi kwengcindezi metal ihlanganisa yonke indawo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinqubo ezenzeka esithandweni, abe nobude akukho imizuzu engaphezu kuka-20. Isikhathi kwezingxenye Converter kuthinta umthamo sokushisa kwemini steel. Ingxubevange okuyinto kuveza emlilweni lokuguqulela, ngokuvamile iqukethe esiningi yensimbi monoxide. Yingakho okokusebenza ngokuvamile eliphansi eyatholakala.

esithandweni Vula-kwemizi

Le ndlela kucutshungulwa yensimbi akusebenzi. Ngokungangabazeki, uma usebenzisa amaningi emuva ukucutshungulwa ubuchwepheshe ngekhwalithi kakhulu ziyancipha leyo nto, ukushintsha izici zayo (ukushisa nomthamo steel nabanye). esithandweni Iziko kuyinto okugeza esikhulu esibunjiweyo. It ihlanganiswa lwaleli eyakhiwe ngezitini refractory futhi recuperators emakamelweni. Lezi linezingxenye zenzelwe amalahle igesi fuel futhi emoyeni. Bagcwala nokupakisha ngezitini (refractory). Ukugeleza igesi ashisayo futhi umoya lipheshulwa liyiswa ngapha nangapha esithandweni ngokusebenzisa recuperators sesithathu nesesine. ' A lokuqala nelesibili Okwamanje ukufuthelana ngu amagesi esithandweni. Ngemva eyanele lokushisa ukwanda lonke inqubo sishintshile.

electrothermal indlela

Le ndlela kunezinzuzo eziningana phezu evulekile-kwemizi kanye Converter. indlela electromechanical kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ushintshe Ukwakheka amakhemikhali steel okuholela. Kule nqubo amathambo ingxube etholwe emva ukucutshungulwa izinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa ukufinyelela elilinganiselwe emoyeni esithandweni kagesi kunciphisa inani yensimbi monoxide. Waziwa ukuze ukungcola kwalo nilingcolise steel. Futhi lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, has nomthelela kukhwalithi. Amazinga esithandweni akusho uphonsa ngezansi 2000 ° C. Ngakho, ezingcolisa ezifana nesibabule ne phosphorus, ziyasuswa ngokuphelele kusukela yensimbi ingulube.

Indlela kuhhonela

esithandweni Electrothermal ngenxa yayo lokushisa eliphezulu ingxubevange lezinsimbi ukuvumela nge izinsimbi refractory. Lezi zihlanganisa, ikakhulukazi, i-tungsten kanye molybdenum. EAF ndlela ivumela ukuthola ukuxuba eliphezulu: ukushisa ezithile steel, kanye yayo izici izinga - ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa ngeshwa, lezi amaziko kudla imali enkulu energy kagesi (kufika ku 800 kWh ton of feed ngayinye). umthamo kagesi zingaba phakathi 500 kg amathani 360. Amayunithi usebenzise ulwelwesi ezivamile. Isakhiwo icala bengase bazikhandlele 90% zensimbi futhi 10% yensimbi. Ngezinye izikhathi feedstock ngezabelo zingase zihluke. Lime, okuyinto yengezwe icala, udlala indima yokucucuza. The main chemical izinqubo kagesi arc amaziko azihlukile ikakhulukazi eziko evulekile.

isisindo ethize

Amandla imvamisa imisinga Kwenziwa lokungeniswa Ukushisa we metal. Ngenxa mass enkulu core nethonya kangaka kuyinto ngempela ngokwanele. Ukuze encibilika steel nesisindo esingamathani 100 imvamisa ngokwanele samanje 50 Hz. Mangisho ukuthi ezinye izilinganiso izinhlobo ezahlukene izinto zokusetshenziswa ingafanisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugqwala, ukushisa ukumelana futhi ingxenye insimbi engagqwali babe 7.9 g / cm ^3. Le nkomba kuhlobene isisindo esiphelele umkhiqizo okukhiphayo. Yilokho-ke ukuthi, umkhiqizo ke esinzima ngokwengeziwe. A lashukumisa steel Ingxenye futhi mayelana 7.9 g / cm ^3. Kungenzeka kube khona umehluko kancane kuye ngohlobo. Kodwa isisindo ezithile steel ishidi - 7,85 g / cm ^3. Njengoba singabona, izinga kancane, yingakho impahla kulula. Kufanele babecabanga ukuthi isisindo ethize zensimbi steel lihlukile. Esikhathini ingxubevange ngesilinganiso okukhipha lingaphezulu njengoba umthetho. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabikho yokuthi phakathi kwenqubo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezinye izingxenye isuswa impahla eluhlaza kule ngxube ingezwe izakhi ezengeziwe. Sinenkosi nethonya kwemigomo umkhiqizo okukhiphayo. Ezahlukene izinhlobo yensimbi ube amandla awo ethize (g / ^cm3):

- white - 7.5 ± 0.2;

- grey - 7.1 ± 0.2;

- Ductile - 7.5 ± 0.2.

ukubala

Lihlela isilinganiso phakathi kwama ivolumu ingxubevange futhi isisindo salo sikhulu isici kuphela into ethize. Ngaphezu kwalokho, liyipharamitha njalo. Ukusebenzisa ifomula ekhethekile ukwazi kwabantu ndaba. It is kuhlobane ngokuqondile ekubalweni isisindo ethile ingxubevange. Nakhu ukuthi ubukeka kanjani.

Isisindo ezithile sensimbi eyabizwa ngokuthi γ ifomula. Kuyinto isilinganiso P - esisindo eyohlobo - yenqwaba kwakwakhe. Futhi ubalwa kusetshenziswa le ndlela elandelayo: γ = P / V

Isebenza kuphela uma metal kuyinto ngokuphelele isimo obukhulu, non-ukungena nakwamanye amazwe.

isiphetho

Ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuthi asetshenziswa umkhakha esindayo, sihluke kakhulu nalezo ezazisetshenziselwa ukwenza esigabeni sokuqala ukuthuthukiswa imboni. Ngenxa yesimanje inqubekela-phambili yesayensi matallopromyshlennost ukhiqiza lenqwaba ukwahlukahlukana Alloys. Specific isisindo compounds kuthinte kukhethwa uhlobo eqondile impahla eluhlaza ukuze kusetshenziswe yokukhiqiza. Uma sithatha izinsimbi ezintathu ezahlukene: yensimbi, zethusi aluminium, sinye, - wonke umuntu abe nezincwadi isisindo ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha umngane metal ethile kumele ukuba kubhekelwe, phakathi kwezinye imingcele, amandla adonsela phansi yayo eqondile.