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Meritocracy - kungcono ... Kuyini meritocracy. Umgomo we meritocracy

Izimpendulo umbuzo "Kuyini meritocracy?". indzaba satirical onesihloko esithi "The Rise of Meritocracy: 1870-2033", esanyatheliswa ngo-1958, unyaka okwazalwa ku umcabango zezombusazwe umqondo omusha. Meritocracy - ke "lokubusa ayakufanelekela." Incwadi nayo ezishicilelwe Maykl Yang, isazi sezombusazwe British kanye isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu, ngesimo wesandla, okuthiwa wabhalwa 2033, isitshela indaba ushintsho ekuqa- 20-21 eminyaka emphakathini British.

Isifinyezo incwadi ethi "The Rise of the Meritocracy: 1870-2033" M. Young

Esikhundleni division zakudala ku amakilasi enquma indawo nezicukuthwane we khona abantu kulo kwezinsiza ezithile (zokuxhumana, ingcebo, umsuka, nokunye. D.), Kuyinto uhlelo olusha emphakathini lapho kuphela ingqondo namandla ukucacisa isikhundla ngabanye kuwo. Britain uyekile ubambe lesigaba esibusayo kwakhiwa hhayi ngesisekelo zamakhono.

Ngenxa yalokho ekutjhugululweni laqanjwa meritocracy - ohlelweni lokubusa abantu abakahle. Isithunzi sobuntu ngaleyo ndlela (sokunconywa) kwachazwa ngokuthi inhlanganisela yezinto ezimbili - amandla utshalomali (umzamo) kanye intelligence (IQ).

Kutfutfukiswa umphakathi ngo-1990, ngokuvumelana Young

Ngu-1990, ama-meritocracy lesigaba esibusayo kwakungekaNkulunkulu bonke abantu abadala, okuyinto Udlule IQ 125 Uma ngaphambilini bakwazi nabantu abanamakhono ungahlangana emazingeni ehlukene sabaphathi emphakathini futhi ngokuvamile baba abaholi ngaphakathi kweqembu zabo zenhlalo noma ekilasini, kodwa manje uhlelo lokulawula kwakuba olulodwa elite bokusungula. Labo, ngoba noma ngabe yisiphi isizathu, ziyimbangela, kwadingeka nhlobo izaba ezingabekwa ukwehluleka lokuhambisa phezulu isitebhisi kwezenhlalo, njengoba ngaphambili, lapho siqhutshwa izimiso ezahlukene kanye nezindlela zokuphatha. Ababona, ngokuvumelana isakhiwo esisha umphakathi, esifanelwe kwesimo sabo ongaphakeme njengoba abantu anekhono kunazo abakufanelekeli phezulu sabaphathi nomphakathi. Yilokho meritocracy.

Uprising e 2033

Abameleli beNdikimba aphansi kwezakhi nomphakathi 2033 ehlubuka ngokusekelwa iqembu elibusayo, bafuna umphakathi classless kanye ukulingana. Babefuna yokuqeda isimiso meritocracy. Izinga lokuphila futhi amalungelo abantu akufanele latholakala ngokulinganisa indawo izinga lemfundo yabo kanye intelligence, amangalelwe amavukelambuso. Noma ubani kumele bakwazi ukuphatha ezimpilweni zabo ngokuzimela. A meritocracy - kungcono amandla, nokukhawulela ithuba. Ngenxa yalokho, ekuhlubukeni kwaphela e-UK.

Injongo incwadi ethi Michael Young

Advwebe sitfombe kunalokho lifiphele ye meritocracy, umphumela eyayizoba indlela entsha ukubusa abanye phezu kwabanye, futhi ekungalinganini emphakathini, Maykl Yang osethe umgomo ukuba baxwayise ingozi ka nokukhawulela okuhloswe umphakathi British. Wakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi ekufuneni kwabo ngenxa intuthuko, wenze Inani eyisisekelo ingqondo ilahlekelwa kulesi simiso neyobuntu, esintwini.

ibala Omuhle meritocracy

Nokho, abaningi engakaze wezwa isixwayiso Young. Okuqukethwe "meritocracy" imiqondo (ukubuswa okungcono izifundiswa, abantu anekhono intelligence enkulu) iye, zigciniwe. Nokho, le nkulumo ngaleyo ndlela wathola umbala omuhle. Amazwe amaningi ziye zafuna meritocracy, eSingapore UK. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ziye zasebenza njengenhlangano amafilosofi ukugqiba oda izinto, ekhona futhi uqinise ngenxa izinqubomgomo neo-ovulekile.

"Ukunikwa IBhodi"

Ukukhomba umphakathi idivayisi okuzofakwa kuyo nezihlakaniphi kwenziwe ibhodi, Maykl Yang wethula elithi entsha - "ebhodini okufanelekelayo". isithunzi nenqubo kuchazwe amagugu evelele emphakathini. Ngempela, njengoba kwaphawula u-Amartya Sen, kuba isihlobo, hhayi umqondo ophelele. Ishayela meritocracy eza emandleni abantu abafundile kakhulu futhi onekhono, Maykl Yang kule eside kubonakala amagugu owandile umphakathi. It uba ngokuqondile ngokumelene nokubuswa kwabo, ukudweba emsebenzini wakhe "okufanelekelayo wokubusa" ngendlela engafanele. Eqinisweni, meritocracy - uhlobo idivayisi umphakathi postindustrial, kusho uDaniel Bell, umsekeli wakhe. Ulwazi nokuhlakanipha baye Nokho, ube ukubaluleka nengaphakathi eside ngaphambi kokusungulwa umphakathi ulwazi.

Ifa Age of Ukukhanyiselwa

Mahhala kusuka emasikweni futhi imizwa enobandlululo eyayikhona ngaleso engqondweni, ayikho into engavimba nokufuna ulwazi, ukuphishekela intuthuko futhi rationalism - omunye oyinhloko, noma mhlawumbe ifa ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi wasinika Age of Ukukhanyiselwa. Izazi ngenkathi, kokuhlukana emasisweni, ecacisiwe nohlaka olusha sokuzinqumela kuvisisa umhlaba lwesintu. Kungenxa ukulwela kwanda okuqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa ulwazi olusha kungatholakala enye izisekelo ukuthandwa imibono yokungabi nandaba meritocracy.

Ukuxhumana imiqondo meritocracy, ukusebenza kahle kanye ukukhiqiza

Ukuthuthukiswa endleleni inqubekelaphambili nokwengamela ukuqhutshwa kokubusa isizathu ukuchaza besithunzi sobuntu eziyisisekelo ngaphakathi kohlaka nalokho okuthatha ngumphakathi evelele - ikhono nomthelela intuthuko jikelele iqhaza. Kugcine okungenzeka ukuthi mkhulu kunabo kuphela uma yonke into kuyoba abantu anekhono kunazo, ofanele kakhulu kuye. Umqondo meritocracy ihlobene eduze imiqondo kahle futhi umkhiqizo. Ikakhulu, i-isifiso ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle eliphakeme, umkhiqizo umuntu ngamunye othatha ophethe rationalism we Ukukhanyiselwa izimpande zawo, isisekelo kakhulu ngesivinini intuthuko endleleni inqubekela phambili.

Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi kule definition umsuka wamasiko meritocracy njengoba isakhiwo kahle umphakathi. Yilabo kuphela abangakwazi ukuzuza ukusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle, iningi ukukhula, futhi kufanele kube phezulu sabaphathi nomphakathi. Phatha kuphela udinga anekhono kunazo, ngokushesha nje lapho kungaba donsa ezinye bebheke intuthuko. Lena emphakathini wanamuhla semthethweni meritocracy.

Ukucabanga kaPlato no-Confucius

ifomu yenhlangano kahulumeni lapho amandla angakaNkulunkulu nezihlakaniphi, ichazwe eside ngaphambi Maykl Yang owaqamba igama elithi "meritocracy". Ngokwesibonelo, uPlato akusho ukuthi ekuphathweni isimo kufanele esiphathiswe zefilosofi. Ngo izimfundiso zakhe, uConfucius futhi bashumayela isidingo amandla zazifunde ababusi. Bobabili eklabalasa ukuphishekela ulwazi nokuqonda, kwakufanele nomthelela kwi ongqondongqondo Ukukhanyiselwa ebesifuna oluvela zefilosofi zasendulo.

Nokho, yokufuna ulwazi futhi isizathu kwakungafanele UConfucius uPlato njengochwepheshe abazimele, lomkhuba nokuzinyeza. Bona babesebenzelana eduze nendikimba imiqondo okuhle ovamile nobuhle. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye izimiso eziyisisekelo izimfundiso bakaConfucius - "jen", esimelela kobubele, umusa, esintwini.

Confucius, njengoba umsekeli imfundo, kuqondwe njengelakhiwe ubunye izinqubo ezimbili: ukuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa. Eyesibili ngesikhathi esifanayo wabelwa indima enkulu. Ukwakha sazi kubhekwa ukukhula kwakhe okungokomoya kumuntu, eyilethe eduze irhuluphelo "Junjie" (indoda elunge, ngubani umphathi uhlamvu eziphakeme zokuziphatha).

Kungani meritocracy - leli lungiselelo ukhetha iphela emasini?

Maykl Yang emsebenzini wakhe ukhuluma kahle incazelo amakhono engqondo nawokuxoxa intelligence njengoba amagugu evelele, oyingxenye umncintiswano meritocratic emphakathini wanamuhla nokumiselelwa bonke abanye, esintwini ethile, ukulingana, ubumbano, uzwela.

Daniel Bell, a umhlaziyi emphakathini post-ezimbonini, kanye nabanye abasekeli "ukubusa okufanelekelayo" isimangalo sokuthi omunye uthola isikhundla, okuyinto wazakhela emphakathini meritocratic. Ngokungafani egalitarianism, esimelela ukulingana kwemiphumela ekupheleni emncintiswaneni, meritocracy khulumela nokulingana ithuba ekuqaleni. Ngakho-ke, iyunithi muhlekazi emphakathini. Maykl Yang futhi ukholelwa ukuthi le ndlela kuboniswa ukulinganiselwa amagugu. Uthi umuntu ngamunye kufanele kuhlonishwe ngoba okuhle okukulo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo akufanele kungagcini ikhono lakhe kanye nezobunhloli.

Esikhathini indzaba, uMichael Young Manifesto zabantu ababeqa umthetho meritocracy, uthi abantu kufanele kucwaningwe ngokubandakanya hhayi kuphela ngokuya imfundo namakhono ngengqondo, kodwa futhi nezinye izimfanelo: isibindi nomusa, uzwela umcabango, ukuphana ikhono ukuzwelana. Ngo ezinjalo umphakathi ayikwazi ukuthi umlindisango, okuyinto ubaba omuhle analo inzuzo esingaphansi usosayensi; kanye isisebenzi sikahulumeni ungcono zikhule kahle rose Trucker.

Meritocracy - amandla, esekelwe nokunqatshelwa okushiwo yikho konke lezi zimfanelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo njengenhlangano amafilosofi lapho ubumbano womuntu ayikho indawo. Kusekelwe mncintiswano: ukuzuza okusezingeni eliphezulu isimo sezenhlalo izinga lempilo umuntu kumelwe ngokuqhubekayo amakhono excel abanye kubo. Ngakho-ke, izimpande meritocracy - hhayi sihlangene futhi ekuqaleni ngabanye. Ngalo mqondo kubonakala eduze capitalism amafilosofi kokuncintisana yayo, imfuneko ukukhula okuqhubekayo ukugcina isikhundla okuholela.

Ngo umoya capitalism, meritocracy aluhambelani umqondo womfelandawonye. Kai-Nielsen, isazi sefilosofi Canadian, wathi ezingeni esiyinhloko siwukuthi umphakathi okunonya. Akunabuntu lapho abantu njalo ukuncintisana nabanye cishe kuto tonkhe tindzawo, ngaleyo ndlela njalo esikalini, ukuhlunga, reytingirovaniyu ngaphakathi isifiso sokuba umphakathi ithele ngokwengeziwe, ngekhono elingcono. Ngakho, meritocracy - uhlelo esibhubhisa izisekelo ubumbano nokuzwana, ubhidliza azizwe amukelekile kwabanye abantu emphakathini womuntu oyedwa.

Nokho, ukulinganiselwa yamanani - eyodwa nje wezinkinga zomphakathi wanamuhla futhi meritocracy, nakuba ayengafiki ukuqalisa le amafilosofi ngokugcwele, kodwa namanje abathi wakhe. Young, egxeka lokhu uhlelo lokuphathwa futhi uba nomcwaningi ekungalinganini emphakathini ngenxa isakhiwo phezulu. Uthi, ongaphenduliwe postulate Kant owesilisa njengoba umgomo uqobo, ukuthi phezu kweminye alikho izizathu ayisisekelo sokuba khona ukuphakama yisizwe sinye. A meritocracy - amandla esekelwe wokuziphakamisa.

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