I-Nobel Peace Laureates: Uhlu. Ubani owawuthola umklomelo weNobel Peace?

Mhlawumbe nje isifiso sesintu sokuzibonakalisa kanye nezenzo zobuqhawe sinomthelela ekwenzeni izinhlelo ezingenakujwayelekile. Ngakho umnumzane ogama lakhe linguNobel wathatha futhi wanquma ukushiya imali yakhe enzalweni yakhe ukuze akhokhele amakhosi ayevela kule ndawo noma kule ndawo. Sekuyisikhathi eside ephumula emhlabeni, kodwa abantu bayamkhumbula. Abantu balindile (abanye ngesineke), lapho labo abalandelayo abanenhlanhla bemenyezelwa. Futhi labo abazobhapathizwa bazama, beka imigomo, ngisho nokukhathazeka, bezama ukukhuphukela kule nkazimulo ye-Olympus. Futhi uma konke kucacile nabososayensi nabacwaningi - bathola imiklomelo yabo empumelelo yangempela noma ekutholeni, yiziphi abaphumelele kuNobel Peace Prize? Kuyathakazelisa? Ake sibone.

Ubani futhi ngumuphi umklomelo umklomelo?

Kukhona ikomidi elikhethekile elisebenza ngokuyinhloko ukukhetha nokuvuma
Ukuphakanyiswa komklomelo omkhulu kunazo zonke kule nkambu. I-Nobel Peace Prize inikezwa abantu abaye bazihlukanisa ngokwabo ekuqiniseni ukuphepha nokuzinza emhlabeni. Ikhishwa minyaka yonke. Inqubo yenzeka e-Oslo, okweshumi kaDisemba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zombili izinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba kanye nohulumeni kazwelonke bangasikhulisa umuntu ozobhalwa ukuthi uzoba ngumuntu otholile. Zibhalwe ohlwini loMqulu weKomidi. Noma yimuphi umuntu owayeyilungu leKomidi leNobel naye noma unelungelo lokubamba iqhaza kwinqubo yokuqoka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMqulu uhlinzeka ngamalungelo anjalo kumaphrofesa amanyuvesi ahlanganyela ezombusazwe noma emlandweni.

I-Nobel Peace Prize ihlomula ngokwabo futhi inethuba lokunikeza izibalo ezivelele ukuze zigcwalise izigaba zazo. Inqubo yenzelwe intando yeningi. Kubalulekile ukulungisa ukuphakamisa kwakho. Ngokwemvelo, lapha kukhona okungalungile okuyi-falsifications noma ama-cunnings. Ophakanyisiwe kumele azi umhlaba wonke. Imisebenzi yomuntu onjalo ayikwazi ukuyimfihlo. Kuvulekile kuphela futhi kunenjongo ebantwini.

Umlando omncane

Kumele ngithi iNobel Peace Prize yazalwa njengomhlobo "wokuhlengwa kwezono." U-Alfred Nobel wayengusosayensi, indoda enesifiso hhayi impi. Wakha futhi wadala i-dynamite. Kwashukumisa isifiso somsunguli sokusiza isintu ukuba siqonde ama-expanses wemvelo, ukukhipha amaminerali awusizo. Wayengazi ukuthi iyiphi "inyoka" eyesabekayo ayikhipha emhlabeni. Yiqiniso, yayisetshenziselwa injongo yayo ehlosiwe. Kuphela kuphela okwadumile (ngomqondo omubi) empini. Ngaleso sikhathi i-dynamite yayiyisikhali esiyingozi nesonakalisayo. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi umsunguli wabhekana nezinguquko ezingalindelekile, ngakho "wahlanza" emshinini ngaphansi kohlelo olugcwele. Indoda efuna ukunikeza izwe ithuluzi elilula nelusizo lalibizwa ngokuthi cishe umbulali.

Lathinta uNobel. Ngentando yakhe, wayala ukuba abeke inhlanhla ebhange. Izimali eziqoqiwe zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenye ezinhlanu, enye yazo minyaka yonke ukukhipha umuntu owazihlukanisa ekusunguleni ukuthula. Ezinye ezisele zenzelwe ososayensi abazuze imiphumela evelele emzimbeni, emakhemikhali, emithi kanye nobuciko (izincwadi).

Ubani owokuqala?

UNobel wafa ngo-1896. Intando yakhe yaqala ukugcwaliseka emva kwesikhathi esithile. Ngokwemvelo, kwakudingeka ukuhlela izenzakalo zenhlangano, ukuthuthukisa "imithetho" kanye "nezinqubo". Abaqashi bokuqala beNobel Peace Prize bamemezelwa ngo-1901. Kwakukhona ababili kubo. Lokhu kuvunyelwe. Akudingekile ukunikeza yonke imali kumuntu oyedwa. Uma iKomidi ikholelwa ukuthi abantu abaningana baye babonisa amakhono afanayo, baye bathola imiphumela efanayo, ngakho banikezwa umklomelo owodwa. Ngo-1901 baba Frederic Passy noJean Henri Dunant. Benze umthelela omkhulu emsebenzini ekusungulweni kwezinqubo ezenzelwe ukuxazulula izingxabano. U-Passy wasebenza ezingeni lephalamende. Imizamo yakhe yakha i-International League of Peace. UDunant wabizwa ngomqondo wokudala iKomidi Lomhlaba Wonke We-Red Cross. Le nhlangano isacatshangwa njengenye yezinkulu kakhulu, yenza umsebenzi wokusiza abantu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abantu abayikhulu nambili baye banikezwa umklomelo ofanayo. I-Nobel Peace Prize nayo yanikezelwa ezinhlanganweni ezihlangene. Yathola izinhlangano ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu.

Ubani nokuthi yini eyamukelwa yi-Nobel Peace Prize?

I-Laureates, uhlu lwaso alufihliwe emphakathini jikelele, kubangela ukusabela okuhlukile ezinhliziyweni zabantu. Abanye babhekwa njengamajuba ezwe, abanye balahlwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile. Amanye amalungu omphakathi athi anikezwe umklomelo ongafanelwe weNobel Peace. I-Laureates (uhlu luhluka emazweni ahlukene) zigxeka kakhulu ngezizathu zezombangazwe.

Kukhona uhlu lwabantu abahlaselayo kakhulu abanalo lomklomelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye eyodwa yomuntu ikholelwa ukuthi bathola umklomelo ngendlela efanele, omunye uphika lokhu. Iphuzu eliphelele ukuthi lihlobene kanjani nemiphumela yemisebenzi yabo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, isibonelo, i-Gorbachev, iNobel Peace Prize eyanikezwa ngo-1990, iyamangalisa ngokuphelele eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. ENtshonalanga, imisebenzi yakhe yokubhubhisa "umbuso omubi" (i-USSR) ibhekwa njengengqayizivele, futhi kuma-expanses alaleli langaphambili izwe elihle - inhlekelele enkulu. UMongameli waseRussia wabiza ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi lesi sigameko siyinhlekelele, ebhekisela kulawo maye awela ngokuzumayo emakhanda abantu abavamile. Ngendlela, u-V. Putin wayekhethwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngomklomelo. I-Nobel Peace Prize ayibhalisiwe ohlwini lwazo eziphumelele, ngeshwa. Cishe, lokhu akuyona inkomba yokuhlobana kwezwe nomsebenzi wayo, kodwa umdlalo wezepolitiki.

Ama-laureate afaneleka kakhulu

I-Nobel Peace Prize yanikezwa izibalo ezihlukahlukene. Phakathi kwabo, uMartin Luther King ubonakala engacabangi ngokufaneleka kwakhe. Lo muntu omkhulu walwa nokucwaswa ngokohlanga. Wayengumfundisi futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukunqoba izinto ezimbi ngendlela enokuthula, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izindlela ezinonya. Umnikelo wakhe ekubuseni komphakathi wase-US usacatshangwa ukuthi awunakuqhathaniswa.

Lokhu kubuye kube ukuhlolwa kokuphumelela kukaNelson Mandela. Wanikezwa umklomelo ngo-1993. Ukuphila kwakhe kwazinikela emzabalazweni wokulingana kwezakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbala wesikhumba. Ngenxa yemibono yakhe yokulwa nobuhlanga, wayesehlukanisiwe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu etilongweni, kodwa akazange adikibale. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uMandela wayenhlonipho enkulu yezakhamuzi zakithi. Kungadluli iminyaka emine kusukela ekukhululweni kwakhe, futhi wakhetha umongameli waseNingizimu Afrika.

Lapho befunda ngubani owathola iNobel Peace Prize, ngokuqinisekile bagijimela egameni lomunye wezombangazwe, okungahambisani nemisebenzi yakhe. Umuntu onjalo ngu-Tenzin Gyatso, uDalai Lama. Lona ubuntu obuvelele ngokuphelele. Kwakudingeka athathe ubuholi obungokomoya kusukela emncane. AmaBuddha amhlonipha lo mfana njengengumzimba we-lama oshonile. Ngemuva kwalokho, kwakudingeka abe nomthwalo wezombusazwe eTibet (eneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha). Yonke imisebenzi yakhe isekelwe ngomusa, ukubekezelelana nothando (kusukela ekwakhiweni kweKomidi leNobel). Kumele wengezwe ukuthi akavumelani nohulumeni waseShayina. Manje uhlala futhi uqhuba imibono yakhe ekuthunjweni.

Kuvela ukuthi akuyona yonke into elula kangaka!

Kukhona ama-laureate aphikisana kakhulu alo mvuzo ophakeme. Ikomidi livame ukugxekwa ngokuba ngombusazwe. Izakhamuzi zaseSoviet isikhala esinjalo sibonakala uMikhail Gorbachev. I-Nobel Peace Prize nayo yanikezwa kumuntu onjalo, onokuphikisana nomuntu jikelele, njengoYasser Arafat. Lesi sinqumo seKomidi kubhekwa njengesihlambalaza ngenxa yokuthi lesi sivumelwano asizange siphike izindlela zempi ukuze sifinyelele imigomo yakhe. Ku-akhawunti yakhe, hhayi kuphela ukulwa, kodwa nezenzo zobuphekula. Yena ngokwakhe wamemezela umgomo wakhe ukubhujiswa kombuso wonke (u-Israyeli). Lokhu kungukuthi, naphezu kokuthi u-Arafat ulwela inhlalakahle yabantu baseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kunzima ukumnika igama lomgcini wokuthula. Esinye isibalo esishaqisayo uBarack Obama. I-Nobel Peace Prize yanikezwa yona ngo-2009. Kumelwe ngithi iKomidi kumele ihambisane nokugxeka okuphathelene nalesi sinqumo.

Mayelana no-Obama ngaphezulu

Emhlabeni cindezela kukhona namanje umbono wokuthi umongameli we-United States wanikezwa umklomelo "wesikhathi eside". Ngaleso sikhathi, wathatha isikhundla kuphela, kodwa akukho lutho oluphawulekayo olungavamile. Futhi lezo zinyathelo kanye nezinqumo azithatha kamuva, azichazi nhlobo, ukuthi wanikezwa umklomelo weNobel Peace Prize.

U-Obama ubhekwa njengomengameli owaletha inani elikhulu kakhulu empini. Izisulu azizibolekisi kubabala ngenxa ye "hybrid nature" yalezi zingxabano (leli gama livele nje nje). Kwakudingeka enze isinqumo mayelana nokuqhuma kwamabhomu nokusebenza komhlaba. Ugxeka ngokuhlasela iSiriya, izimpikiswano e-Iraq nase-Ukraine. Noma kunjalo, u-Obama wathola umklomelo weNobel Peace and phakathi kwalabo abahlomula.

Lokhu "umvuzo osengaphambili" kubangela ukuvela kwamacala amasha. Njengoba izingxenye zokuhlukunyezwa zikhula, abanye osombusazwe bafuna ukususa lo mklomelo. Kukhona umbono wokuthi ukuziphatha okunjalo okungenokuthula kuhlazisa i-premium phezulu. E-Russian Federation, ngokwemvelo, bacabanga ukuthi uVladimir Putin ungumfundi obaluleke kakhulu. I-Nobel Peace Prize, mhlawumbe, izobe inikezwa yona ngenxa yokwethembeka okubonakalayo ekuboniseni ukuxazulula izingxabano.

Mayelana nemali

Ngokuvamile abantu abanesithakazelo ekuphumelelweni kwabantu ngabanikezwe lo mklomelo, kodwa ngemali yawo. I-Nobel Peace Prize neqiniso kungabangela ukucabanga. Iqiniso liwukuthi zonke izimali zeKomidi aziqambi amanga kuphela ezikhungo zezezimali. "Zisebenza", zikhula ngobukhulu. Ngokwenhloso, inzuzo ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezinhlanu. Ayefani futhi athatha ubungako obuningi bokuthakazelisa njalo ngonyaka. Ngakho, isamba sokuqala, esanikwe ngo-1901, sasilingana namadola ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nambili. Ngo-2003, inani lalingu-1.35 million kakade. Ubukhulu balo bunqatshelwe isimo somnotho wezwe. Izihlukaniso eziya kumaholo akhokhelwa kuphela, kodwa futhi ziyancipha. Isibonelo, ngo-2007 inani le-premium laliyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-1.542, futhi ngo-2008 "lanyuka" ($ 1.4 million).

Lezi zimali zihanjiswa ngamasheya amahlanu alinganayo ekukhethweni, bese - ngenani labaqashiwe, ngokuhambisana nemithetho ngokusho okunikezwa yiNobel Peace Prize. Imali engakanani eya kuyo yonke imivuzo yonyaka ngamunye - IKomidi inquma ngokwenza izibalo ezifanele zemali etholakalayo kusuka kumasheya kanye nezinye izimpahla.

Izikhwama zaseRussia

Izakhamuzi zakithi zathola umvuzo ophindwe kabili. Ngaphezu kweGorbachev, udumo olunjalo lunikezwa ososayensi u-Andrei Sakharov. Nokho, kwakungewona umsebenzi wakhe wesayensi owaba yisizathu sokunikeza umklomelo. USakharov wayebhekwa njengelungelo lobushicileli bamalungelo wobuntu kanye nomphikisana nombuso. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet wayegxeka kakhulu futhi washushiswa. Usosayensi wasebenza ekwakheni izikhali ze-hydrogen. Naphezu kwalokhu, wavuma ngokukhululekile ukuvinjelwa kokuhlola izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu, ngokumelene nomncintiswano wezikhali. Imibono yakhe yayithandwa kakhulu emphakathini futhi yayingathandi abalingani abahlulayo nhlobo.

I-Sakharov ibhekwa njengengqungquthela ekhuthele yezwe, owahlupheka ngenxa yemibono yabo. Ikomidi leNobel lisetshenziswe kanje: "ngesibindi ekulwa nokuhlukunyezwa kwamandla ...". Noma kunjalo, wayengumuntu omuhle, onomusa futhi ongeyena umuntu onobudlova (kusukela emikhondweni yabalingani bakhe). AbaseRussia abaningi abazange bathole umklomelo omkhulu, okusho ukuthi akukho abantu abahloniphekile abahlala ezweni lakithi. Kunalokho, leli qiniso lingabonakala njengengxoxo yezombusazwe zeKomidi, ukusetshenziswa komklomelo ngokuncintisana kwezempi.

Ubani ongazange athole umklomelo, kodwa kufanelekile?

Abaningi bezombusazwe bakholelwa ukuthi uMahatma Gandhi, ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izibalo, wayefanelwe umklomelo omkhulu. Lo wesilisa wayebandakanyekile ekuhleleni komzabalazo wamaNdiya nabakoloni. UGandhi akadingeki nje ukuba ahlele izindlela abantu abanobuthakathaka nabangakwazi ukulwa nawo abangawulwisana neBritish Army, kodwa futhi kwakudingeka bahlobaniswe nokuzikhethela kwenkolo yendawo. Indlela enjalo yasungulwa nguye. Ibizwa ngokuthi ukumelana okungezona ubudlova futhi kuvame ukusetshenziswa namuhla. UMahatma Gandhi wanikezwa iKomiti izikhathi ezinhlanu. Kukhona kuphela "abafanelekile" abazobhalwa (okungabe futhi kungachazwa yi-politicization yalenhlangano). Ngokulandelayo, izikhulu ezibhekele ukunikezwa umklomelo weNobel, zazisola ngokuthi uGandhi akazange abe ngumuntu othokozelayo.

Izigameko zeKomidi leNobel

Kunezinto ezinjalo ezimangalisayo emlandweni wale nhlangano manje ongabonakala kuphela ngephambilini. Ngakho-ke, njengoba kwaziwa, lo mklomelo ngo-1939 awukhethiwe ngaphandle kuka-Adolf Hitler. I-Nobel Peace Prize, ngenhlanhla, akayitholanga. Futhi akusiyo ngemali. Ubungaba yibukhosi benkampani, engayibiza umenzi wokuthula umuntu onecala lokufa kwezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wethu? Ikomidi leNobel yenqabe ukulibonga, lishukumise lesi sinqumo ngesimo sengqondo samaNazi kumaJuda.

Noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi sokuphakanyiswa kwemisebenzi, imisebenzi kaHitler yayibukeka iqhubekela phambili e-German intelligentsia. Usanda kuphetha izivumelwano ezimbili zokuthula ezinkulu, imboni ephakanyisiwe, egxile ekuthuthukiseni isayensi nobuciko. Njengamanje, abantu bayaqonda ukuthi izimpendulo zikaHitler zomklomelo zingenangqondo futhi zingenangqondo. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi, izakhamuzi zaseJalimane zambona njengomholi wangempela oholele ekuphileni okuqhakazile. Yebo, ngezinga elithile kwakuyiqiniso. Wayekhathalela ngempela amaJalimane, kuphela ngezindleko zabantu bezinye izizwe. Ngesikweletu samalungu eKomidi leNobel, baqonda lokhu futhi benqabe ukumkhetha esikhundleni somklomelo.

Ama-laureate ahlangene

Lo mklomelo wanikezwa kathathu ezinhlanganweni, indlela eyodwa noma enye ehlobene ne-Red Cross. Uma ucabangela umqobi wokuqala - umhleli wayo, ke ezine. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nhlangano yomhlaba wonke ifanelwe ukuhlolwa okuphezulu. Abameleli balo bahlale bezitholela insimu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yizindawo ezingqubuzana nezingxabano zamanzi noma izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, zivame ukuzithola ziphakathi kwezehlakalo, zibambe isandla esidingekayo ukusekela abantu abampofu abacindezelekile. Ngendlela, lapho umklomelo we-Award (2001), ngaphambili ukhonjwe ngamandla ayo okugcina ukuthula (1988) kanye nenkonzo yababaleki (1981). Ezinhlanganweni ezingekho-odumile, ama-laureates angabizwa ngokuthi i- International Labor Organization (1969). I-Wave kungenzeka, asizwa ngakho, ngoba kusukela esikhathini lapho ithonya layo emhlabeni likhulu kangangokuthi lavuzwa, isikhathi esiningi sidlulile.

Abaqashiwe kulo mvuzo omkhulu kakhulu. Amagama abanye afika emlandweni wesibindi nesibindi, abanye - amahlazo kanye nezinkohliso. Okwesithathu ungakhumbuli nhlobo. Noma kunjalo, abantu bafuna ukuthi lo mklomelo ungene ezandleni zabantu abafanele ngempela, kungakhathaliseki ukuhlangana kwezombusazwe.