KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Ibhere amanzi. Uhlobo ezingenamgogodla ezincane

Emvelweni, uyisidalwa esiyingqayizivele, wathola isidlaliso "amanzi bear". Elaziwayo elincane (ngaphandle Izazi kanye nochwepheshe esincane), abantu onolwazi futhi kuthinta ukubukeka kwabo, futhi survivability yabo. Igama lokuqala wamukelwa nokufana ngokucacile ngoswidi nebhere teddy. Nokho, has imilenze eziyisithupha, futhi "ubuso" pretty nzima ukushayela, kodwa ngenye indlela ngokucacile kulandeleke. A "amanzi" nebhere ngoba nomuntu kwezemvelo kanye ukuphila ngaphandle umswakama (ngomqondo ongokoqobo yegama elithi) bengayi.

Umlando yokutholakala

Kunesizathu ukuphetha ngokuthi ama-water bear, tardigrades babe ngokunembile lezo zidalwa, obonile ungumdali Van Levenguk isibonakhulu kudala njengoba 1702. Nokho, ukutholakala yokuqala engokomthetho lezi oldtimers kuyinto 1773, lapho kuchazwa umfundisi isiJalimane Gotse. Yethuswa ukubukeka kwabo, wabanika wasserbär igama kleiner, okuyinto uhumusha kusuka German njengendlela encane (amancane) kuyi-water bear. imininingwane Okuningi izidalwa ezincane ziye wafunda futhi esachazwa sezinto eziphilayo Italian Lazzaro Spallanzani, futhi kwenzeka 1776. Ngenxa ukuhamba kancane kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane, wayiqamba igama kubo il tardigrado, okuholela igama elisemthethweni yesayensi waba Tardigrada eside, okungukuthi Tardigrada.

amanzi Sakhiwo bear

Into yokuqala ukwazi lapho wafunda Tardigrada - ngobukhulu besikhumba saleso silwane. Zama-zasolwandle uthela zikhona mayelana 960, futhi ukubaluleka umzimba wabo zokhahlamba kusuka 0.1 kuya kwangu nenxenye. Ngisho isifanekiso ngobukhulu ukucabangela ngaphandle ngesibonakhulu kunzima kakhulu. Tardigrades ekilasini kufakwe ezingenamgogodla babe steklistoe, umzimba angenisa ukukhanya, ongaboni ngobugebengu ku 4 izingxenye nokuminyaniseka. Ngenxa yokuba khona igobolondo chitinous namanzi ukuchitheka gqwa bear ngezinye izikhathi uma kuqhathaniswa ne izinambuzane. Izinhlobo eziningi zikhona emaphahla lamane imilenze, kodwa omunye "amatshe" ezincane, ubude kuphela okweshumi kwe-milimitha, kuyinto ngaphandle; kungumnikelo ezinemilenze eyisithupha-Tardigrada. Umlenze ngamunye iphela izimpiko kunombolo 4-6 izicucu. Laba bobabili lokugcina imilenze is ngamakhasimende nasemuva.

"Umuntu" angabe esaba engavamile kakhulu futhi okusikhumbuza ngalendoda uthuli vacuum cleaner. Roth ifakwe uhlobo oluthile Upper, okuyinto athwale amanzi angena ukudla isikhumba. Lezi zilwane abe sezinzwa, wokugaya ukudla, izinhlelo zokuzala futhi ethukile, kodwa akukho kwegazi futhi zokuphefumula. Esikhundleni igazi wonke umzimba ingaphakathi usesikhundleni ketshezi ekhethekile, futhi umoya tardigrades isikhumba. Sinenkosi ezengeziwe ethintekayo izitho njengoba pair of ezihlobene, futhi, Isimanga siwukuthi, amehlo, okuyizinto ikakhulukazi amnyama emzimbeni phambi, kodwa hhayi esizeni salo, okungase ngokuthi inhloko.

Ibhere amanzi uba nombala, kuncike kule mibandela kwemvelo. Hue kungenzeka uhla imibala orange - abomvu noma umnqumo - oluhlaza amnyama.

Tardigrades nabesifazane ezahlukene, kodwa abesilisa ezingajwayelekile kakhulu kunabesifazane, amacala amaningi kangaka olubhaliwe parthenogenesis (reproduction ngaphandle kokukhulelwa).

Tardigrades chithi emhlabeni wonke kusukela ezishisayo kuya kwe-Arctic Circle. Nokho, uma zikhetha, bakhetha ulele elina wona. Distribution emanzini athwale yokwenziwa: umuntu ehamba ngenxa wabangelwa umoya noma amanzi ukugeleza, futhi idluliselwe izinyoni kabusha nezilwane noboya.

amandla Izici

Ama-water bear kukhona tardigrades, iningi labo bahlala ngezithukuthuku wona, ulwelwe amancane namagciwane. zinhlobo ezintathu ocean kukhona yisinanakazana kuphela shellfish, emikhulu ezingenamgogodla amanzi olwandle ukhukhamba. Mayelana nedlanzana isigamu zama-water bear - Abantu abahlukumeza abanye nekhululekile, e ukudla esakhiwa amagciwane futhi roundworms; ezifana Tardigrada yingozi ngisho nabo abo - ubuzimu ibhizinisi lakhe nsuku zonke.

isidalwa unkillable

Ososayensi abaningi banesithakazelo amanzi athwale ubungqabavu yayo. Lezi zidalwa bayakwazi ukuphila kwabo futhi ikhono likhule ngendlela ebanzi lokushisa ububanzi - kusukela zero ngokuphelele (-273 degrees) ukushisa babulawa kule 150. Bona ukuqhubeka ephila ngaphansi kwezimo nobutha, ezifana esimweni-hydrogen sulfide. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo futhi ngabo akuyona isithiyo ukulwelapha okusinda: emva ngemisebe kwayo umthamo 570.000 X-ray emanzini isigamu amabhere ngasinda. Okuthathelwa kukho: obubulalayo abantu kuyinto emisebeni "kuphela" 500 zama-X ray. Futhi tardigrades ngasinda namanje kunganikeza (futhi unike) inzalo.

isikhala ukuzinza

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, iningi lososayensi abanesifiso ikhono Tardigrada ukumelana nezimo isikhala. Ngo-2008, iqembu labacwaningi elaliholwa semvelo Swede Ingmar Jonsson wathumela ku-Earth orbit batch yokulinga tardigrades. Elinye iqembu wafakwa cleaner, wesibili kanyekanye zishiswe imisebe, amabili sezibekwe olujulile ukwelashwa kwe-ultraviolet. Izifundo ezitholakala eSitatimendeni evulekile sahlala izinsuku ezingu-10 futhi cishe abantu ngothi lwabo abangu Awube. Nokho, lapho esephindele enezimo ezingcono kakhulu izidalwa ezincane emuva ekuphileni, kuyilapho esaziwa ikhono nokuzala.

Ngesisekelo okusinda

Ikhono, ngokusebenzisa amanzi uthuthe bear ibanga kangaka okudingeka kwezimo ezingezinhle - ikhono ukuya basebusika nge anhydrobiosis elawulwa. Ngamanye amazwi, Tardigrada bome yena, ushiya umzimba wakhe imali azinakwa yamanzi. Futhi singalahlekelwa kubo, amafomu Tardigrada phezu umzimba uhlobo wax igobolondo. Ngendlela omisiwe e tardigrades isebenze imisebenzi eyengeziwe zokuzivikela: molecule ushukela ukuvimbela ukunwetshwa amaseli iqala esikhiqiza Antioxidants okuyinto simelane ngemisebe iyakwenqabela ukubhujiswa DNA. On yokwemukela imvelo umzimba ngamanzi tardigrades iqala ukuncela, futhi yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile zibuyiselwe.

izitha zemvelo amanzi bear

Naphezu ubungqabavu, amanzi bear kungaqali ongafi. UKUPHEBEZA ngempumelelo izici ezingezinhle zangaphandle, kuba impela olungenakuzisiza ngokumelene abazingeli engakwenqeni adle nabo. Ngaphezu izihlobo zabo, tardigrades wadalula rotifers ukuhlaselwa, izibungu, springtails, futhi round worm, izibungu izinambuzane ezehlukene kanye isikhuphashe. Ingxenye tardigrades afe, kanjalo sibe isisulu ka ezidla mushroom hyphae izihibe yayo ezihlangene, engivusa ngayo, njengasencwadini njengezinyoni ezibanjwa isicupho, amanzi wanamathela bear whereupon sesigcilikisha fungal sikhule kuwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ama-fungus, ogama ezinhlamvu yilezi kukhanga tardigrades ohlelweni ukudla. Nokho, uma esiswini we-water bear, lezinhlamvu ziqhume, usebenzisa isilwane njengoba osebenzelana izakhi.

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