Imfundo ephakeme

Ph.D., uprofesa Dobaev KD

On ushintsho ohlelweni olusha imfundo e Kyrgyzstan

Nge onyakeni omusha zezemfundo, okusho 1 Septhemba 2012 zemfundo ephakeme weRiphabhulikhi bathuthela isakhiwo ezimbili abaphuma ukuqeqeshwa - esiphezulu kanye Master (KR Uhulumeni Isinqumo № 496 kusukela 23.08.2011g.). Ngokusho isinqumo amanyuvesi Republic kumele kabusha isistimu isakhiwo ezimbili abaphuma nokusetshenziswa credit ubuchwepheshe.

Eminyakeni yamuva, Kyrgyzstan uye zanqwabelana okuhlangenwe nakho nekusetjentiswa kwetinhlelo ka Bachelor Phathi degrees, kanye nokuqeqeshwa ngesikweletu ubuchwepheshe. Futhi ngakho emsebenzini weRiphabhuliki kwathatha isakhiwo ezimbili abaphuma kungaqali kusuka ekuqaleni. Futhi uma khumbula umyalo kahulumeni ngo-August 25, 1993 № 396 "Ngo imvume elawula imisebenzi ye Kyrgyz Republic of ephakeme ohlelweni lwezemfundo" kanye nesinqumo eMnyango Wezemfundo kanye nesayensi we Kyrgyz Republic kusukela ngo-May 23, 1995, №3 / 1 "UMbuso Ezemfundo Standard Kyrgyz Republic "imfundo ephakeme. Izidingo Jikelele "esinayo-iminyaka engu-17 ngaphezulu kuka kwesikhathi ukulungiselela kwathatha isakhiwo ezimbili abaphuma kohlelo lwemfundo ephakeme.

Yini esinayo?? Amayunivesithi, ngokuvamile, ulungele ukuhamba ukulungiswa Bachelors futhi amakhosi. Uma uke waba emphakathini ngoba ngokungaqondi lamadigri academic Bachelor and Master, futhi kungakho izingxoxo ezihlukahlukene, ngisho yokuthi BA Imfundo hhayi ephakeme, kodwa manje inkulumo enjalo kancane kancane zicekela phansi. Ukubona ukuthi impohlo - imfundo eyisisekelo ephakeme, kuba ezihlukahlukene ukuthi iziqu nezinhlaka okuhloswe kuphela ngesikhathi esisodwa okukhethekile laba lincane. Yini Isikhathi sisho amagama ayo, lapho umuntu kukho konke ukuphila zingase zishintshe izikhathi eziningana endaweni yomsebenzi, kwenza ukuthi kube nesidingo zithole imfundo eyisisekelo ephakeme, okuvumela ke "string" ke yafuna amakhono - isiyi-ngokoqobo.

Futhi ngakho ekulungiseleleni Bachelors igxile kumiswa abaluthole ezivamile jikelele. izinhlelo zokuqeqesha Ukuhlaziywa ezikhungweni angaphandle undergraduate zibonisa ukuthi 2/3 wesikhathi Sizokwenza kumiswa ezivamile, zamakhono jikelele. Lokhu kuyaqondakala. Ngaphandle kwamakhono ezinhle wezinsimbi, ekuchumana letindzala angeke abe yimpumelelo umsebenzi okhokhelwayo kunoma yimuphi umkhakha. Ekulungiseleleni izinhlelo Bachelors zemfundo, kumelwe acabangele lesi sici. Ngakho kubalulekile ukuba acabangele futhi nangenye sici, okungukuthi ukulungiswa impohlo isiqondiso zezemfundo Bachelor of isiqondiso efanele ngamakhasimende.

Ngokuphathelene Bachelor isiqondiso zezemfundo, lapha, ucishe ecacile. Iziqu ezindaweni zezemfundo logic kumelwe uqhubeke ukuqeqeshwa ngendlela magistracy. Ngokuqondene isiqondiso professional-ngamakhasimende, noma ngisho indlela ibizwa ngokuthi osetshenziswayo baccalaureate, kukhona umfundi ukhetha iphrofayli esithile, ukuze uqede umsebenzi. Lokhu akusho ukuthi akanalo ilungelo esikhathini esizayo ukufunda iziqu zeMasters. Ngemva komunye wemikhuba yokusebenzelana ingase iye iziqu esikoleni more ngokujulile lunye. Kyrgyzstan isicelo umqondo omusha baccalaureate. Njengoba abacwaningi bathi le nkinga (Chugunov D. Yu, Vasiliev KD-Shafranov Kutsev GF.), Osetshenziswayo baccalaureate - lena ziqu oyinhloko ivumela ukufinyelela ngqo wetisebenti, futhi kuyaqabukela kuhilela ngiyoqeqeshwa ngokwengeziwe, nakuba Akukona ngaphandle kwalo. Uhlelo osetshenziswayo baccalaureate ilungele labo abafuna ngokushesha ngemuva kokuthola iziqu ze-bachelor ukuze uqalise.

E-West kanti eRussia ohlelweni impohlo isicelo waqala ukupheka muva nje, noma kunalokho, kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Nokho, zikhona ezinye umehluko ukulungiswa impohlo isicelo eYurophu nase Russia. Okokuqala, zihlotshaniswa iqoqo abaluthole ukuthi isakhiwa enqubeni yokufunda. Uhlelo European isicelo impohlo degree, njengoba ochwepheshe uqaphele, ngaphezu kokwenza amakhono, ukuphakamisa kumiswa amakhono lwenhlangano zokuphatha. Abaphothule osetshenziswayo impohlo degree - a abanamakhono, abangakwazi kuphela ukufeza iziyalezo, landela iziqondiso, kodwa nani isinyathelo ezandleni zabo siqu, baziqambela izindlela ezintsha ukuxazulula izinkinga.

Ngokuphathelene Russian baccalaureate osetshenziswayo, it is hhayi ugxile ngokuphelele zomnotho, akanawo ngokuqondene zomnotho, elitholakala ku West. Futhi okuqukethwe wezemfundo uthambekele kakhulu academicism, kunase wezabasebenzi ethile. Khonamanjalo osetshenziswayo Baccalaureate kumele aqinisekise ukuqeqeshwa umkhuba ngamakhasimende okhokhelwayo. Amalungiselelo isicelo impohlo kufanele kube ngekubambisana ne-abaqashi, ne iqhaza zabo ngqo ohlelweni lokufunda. Kuphela kulesi simo kungenzeka ukuqeqesha Ochwepheshe adingekayo ukuze emakethe yezabasebenzi.

Sikholelwa ukuthi i-Kyrgyzstan ukuqeqeshwa e-undergraduate osetshenziswayo kufanele oqavile.

Ngokuphathelene ushintsho ohlelweni credit ukuqeqeshwa, ngoba iningi emayunivesithi Kyrgyzstan into entsha? New hhayi ngomqondo ukuthi angazi ukuthi udumo, kanye nama-credit ubuchwepheshe. Cha New ngokuya ukusebenza nokusebenzisa. Nakuba kuleli zwe, kukhona zemfundo ephakeme ukuthi usebenzise credit ubuchwepheshe. Sine bacabanga ngokuyinhloko American University of Central Asia.

Yiqiniso, ngemva kwesikhashana ukuya ohlelweni credit, akunakwenzeka. Sidinga ukufinyelela emphakathini kanjalo ngaphezulu. Akubona bonke akakabi fully aware of futhi siqonde zonke izinto ngokuba credit uhlelo. Kodwa kukhona ukuqonda ezithile iningi abasebenzi imfundo ephakeme. Into esemqoka ukunikeza isiqondiso lesifanele. Futhi manje mayelana nomqondo wesikweletu.

Ikhredithi - iyunithi yokulinganisa umfundi umsebenzi ngokuya kwesikhathi okudingekayo ukufezekisa izinhloso ezithile yokufunda. Ikhredithi - iyunithi yokukala "isisindo" we Yiqiniso noma uhlelo (inombolo ekilasini futhi neauditornyh amahora, njll) e kohlaka iziqu ezifanele.

Ikhredithi - ambalwa (kwamanani) imigomo, ivolumu lwazi aluthola, ikhumbula impumelelo ngokuhamba ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nokuqaliswa. Isikweletu esingu anganikelwa emahlangothini umfundi njengophawu ukuqashelwa kwakhiwa ngenxa yokufunda abaluthole esekelwe ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela yekufundza.

Njengoba thina ikakhulu ukugxila izinto yenqubo Bologna, okungukuthi, ukudluliswa kanye ekuqongeleleni credits uhlelo European (ECTS), umfundi ngesikhathi ukuqeqeshwa kumele amaphuzu ubuncane 180 ku-240 ZE ukuthola iziqu ze-bachelor. Isikhathi ubuncane cwaningo 3-4 iminyaka. Lapho sithi, futhi bangaki amahora imali ngama-ke thina eRiphabhulikhi kungekho ukuvumelana. Amanye amayunivesithi Russian emva ukunquma amahora angu-36, amanye amahora angu-30. Sicabanga ukuthi akunjalo ngokuyinhloko. Nakuba TUNING okusalungiswa - silungisa Izakhiwo Sikhungo e-Europe, omunye credit oluhambisana 25-30 amahora isikhathi cwaningo. Mhlawumbe yilesi sizathu esenza e Lesinqumo LoMkhandlu Uhulumeni we-July 4, 2012 № 472 eyodwa credit (credits) kunqunywa amahora 30. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kumelwe siqonde ngokucacile ukuthi credits kukalwa kuphela inani ukuqeqeshwa umthwalo, kodwa hhayi ukusebenza umfundi, okuqukethwe noma ezingeni obulukhuni impahla. Ukubolekwa kwemali zinikwa umfundi kuphela uma ngempumelelo module ethile, Yiqiniso, isiyalo, ukuqeqeshwa, futhi wathola nokuhlola omuhle. Ukubolekwa kwemali I okukhishiwe noma etholwe abafundi kukhona amanani isihlobo, ezembula bomsebenzi edingekayo ukuze agcwalise umnyaka zezemfundo. Kumelwe kugcizelelwe ukuthi loans akuzona eziguquguqukayo ezimele, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi bachaza umsebenzi igcwaliswe njengengxenye lwezifundo. Ukukhuluma wesikweletu ekuqongeleleni uhlelo, sisho uhlelo lapho credits kuthiwa zanqwabelana inqubo ngokunengqondo eyakhelwe iprogramme. Ngalo mqondo, credit kuyinto iyunithi okutshengisa ethile umsebenzi kwenziwa ngempumelelo endleleni eya bathole iziqu ezithile.

A amazwi ambalwa mayelana lolimi indlela ngamakhono kwezemfundo. Le nkinga ngoba Kyrgyzstan iyisici entsha, kude bonke bayazi. Ngokuvamile le nkinga yintsha hhayi thina nje kuphela kodwa futhi ukuze European wehlelo lefundo zombelele.

indlela zamaKhono umsuka e-United States ngawo-70-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka ngokuqondene nesidingo ukuthola isixazululo isimo ezilandelayo: osomaqhinga, abalungele amakhambi emazweni asathuthuka, inhloso yesu ngokwakha isithombe omuhle US, ube nolwazi omuhle kakhulu futhi oluphethe ngokugcwele amakhono zamanxusa, akubona bonke sakwazi ukuze afeze lesi sabelo. ukuhlolisisa ngokucophelela wathola ukuthi naphezu ezifundo oluphelele, sihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye amakhono, engewona nokho isihloko ukuqaliswa, kodwa kubalulekile ukusebenza langempela. Ngenxa yalezi amakhono ahlinzekwa eside zamakhono esikhethekile, ngoba ehambisana nanoma iyiphi leze yolwazi noma ubuchule eqondile noma yiziphi izenzo, noma yisiphi isihloko sendawo ethile. ukujwayelaniswa Simple nge umlando udaba ebonisa ukuthi zamakhono kuyizici engokwemvelo isinyathelo somphakathi - Ngokungafani izenzo kuncike, okuyinto eye yachazwa bachazwa futhi njalo uzobe sichazwa ulwazi, amakhono kanye namakhono [2, k. 48].

Uyini zamakhono? It - yekufundza obonakaliswe iqoqo abaluthole - uhlu oluthile futhi esicacile sokuthi umfundi kufanele wazi, baqonde futhi bakwazi ukusebenzisa emva kokuphothulwa inqubo yokufunda. Amakhono zingase zimiswe kokubili maqondana nezinhlelo zemfundo (module noma Yiqiniso iyunithi). ZamaKhono kwakhiwa ngokulandelana futhi kancane kancane. Ngakho, ukwakheka ngamakhono ethize unganikezwa ngezigaba eziningana noma amamojuli emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko wendlela hlelo. Phakathi esigabeni design zohlelo isinqumo ngalokho uhlelo iyunithi izodluliselwa ekwakhekeni abaluthole ezithize. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye umfundi uyobe uthole amakhono e "ngobuqili" Imodi kulo lonke uhlelo, kodwa incazelo Imiphumela kufanele banikwe kuphela labo abaluthole, ukuzuzwa okuzoba kuncike ukuhlolwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi iprogramme akuyona nje iqoqo izifundo abavele bakhethwa futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi oxhumene ekuthuthukiseni edinga indlela ephelele. Ikharikhulamu igxile umfundi imiphumela yekufundza, wonke amayunithi e ngandlela-thile ezihlobene nomunye. Lo mthetho awasebenzi kuphela amayunithi kanye amamojuli ezakha core uhlelo, kodwa futhi ukuba izifundo zesibili futhi kobuholi. Imiphumela izuzwe ekuhloleni yisikhungo esisodwa noma module kunomthelela Imiphumela jikelele kanye kumiswa ivolumu oyifunayo kwamakhono e ubuhlobo obuseduze imiphumela okufanele izuzwe ekuhloleni ezinye amayunithi zohlelo.

Umbuzo olandelayo ukuthi kufanele uzitholele wena - inhlangano inqubo yemfundo ngesisekelo izinhlelo Modular zemfundo. Ngo ukwakheka abaluthole kangcono izinhlelo Modular. Ziyakwazi esobala, lula ukudlulisa umfundi komunye isikhungo kwenye, futhi aqaphele ukuthi imiphumela kwenye iyunivesithi, futhi ikuvumela ukuba ngokufanele ukusabalalisa umsebenzi ku izigaba ezihlukahlukene zohlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo Modular evumela ukugwema ukuchotshozwa ngokweqile futhi ngenxa yalokho, isamba ngokweqile yokuhlolwa. Ububi uhlelo Modular ukuthi kunciphe nenkululeko yokufundisa, nokukhawulela inani contact amahora ngaphakathi mojuli. Lapho uhlelo Modular kwandisa eguquguqukayo, kusukela kuba nokwenzeka ukwakha zezifundo ezahlukene kanye nezinhlelo, kanye iphuzu contact. Ngo uhlelo non-Modular (ie, ezifana nezethu, lapho othisha isiyalo eyodwa zemfundo) kuyisinqumo esingcono lesembili yezinto ezibonakalayo, kanti uhlelo Modular Ukugcizelelwa isakhiwo lwezifundo iyonke.

Lokhu kuyinkinga umbuzo, futhi ukuthi kusho ukuthini module? I module kuyinto iyunithi ezimele maqondana semfundo okuhloswe ngazo ukwakha zamakhono lochwepheshe ethize noma ngamakhono amaqembu. Ngamanye amazwi, lo module - uphiko ephelele yohlelo lwemfundo, yonke eyakha noma olucacile abaluthole professional, ephelezelwa ukulawula elwati nemakhono abaqeqeshwayo ngesikhathi okukhiphayo. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo Modular zemfundo - inhlanganisela futhi ukulandelana amamojuli eliqondiswe kahle bucwepheshe ethize edingekayo ukuthola imigomo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele uqaphele ukuthi akekho ukuqonda Europe-wide module gama. Abanye ukubona module njengoba isikhathi nomkhawulo, ivaliwe kokuqukethwe ukuba wafunda imfundiso amabhlogo. Enye mojuli ichazwa njengesifo kwakwakhe ukuqeqeshwa amabhlogo, esihlelwe nomunye kokuqukethwe. Kusolwa ukuthi amamojuli zingahlanganiswa uchungechunge kokuqukethwe kokubili ngaphakathi isiyalo olulodwa noma eyala eziningana.

Ngo amamojuli iDemo - elementi semfundo, okuyinto kukhawulwe ngesikhathi, wokuqukethwe avaliwe Imiphumela ethize okumele izuzwe futhi wabonisa abafundi.

Lapho eseyinsizwa efundela ezomthetho abafundi amamojuli ngamunye wabo kufanele icala ethile credits (credits) osebenza njengokuvimbelayo isilinganiso yezimo zezulu eziyinkimbinkimbi nokushintshashintsha cwaningo futhi ezwakalisa isethi wonke inqubo efanele yemfundo. Lapho kubalwa izikweletu module ku eyinkimbinkimbi abalwa: ekilasini umthwalo, umsebenzi ezimele abafundi, ngokubhala umsebenzi abafanelekile sokugcina, njll Ngokuvamile, module inikeza ukubolekisa 6-15.

Ngo ukuthuthukiswa module engaqondiswa isikimu elandelayo:

1. Nquma injongo module.
2. Imininingwane iyunithi - okokusebenza theory, ukuqeqeshwa ehlelekile phezu izakhi ngesimo Iincwajana, iincwadi zokusebenzela, iziqondiso lisethi izicelo synopses asekelayo, izinhlelo ze-computer zemfundo.
3. Thuthukisa imisebenti yekuhlola (ukukala impumelelo).
4. Chaza nenqubo embundwini kokuhlaziywa (usebenzisa nenqubo amagoli yokuhlola ushukumise abafundi).
5. Thuthukisa yokufundisa nokufunda amasu (lula abafundi ukuze zithole imiphumela nokulandela nenqubo).
6. Bhala imiphumela yekufundza (ngokusekelwe ezingeni neenhlathululo).
7. • Ukusungula nokuqala buyekeza module (okusekelwe isipiliyoni kanye impendulo).

Modular ukuqeqeshwa uhlelo ikuvumela:

- ukuhlanganiswa ezinhlobo ezahlukene futhi izinhlobo imfundo;

- inhlangano enkulu-block of the impahla ezemfundo, kanye nezincomo kanye nemisebenzi yokutadisha yayo;

- inzuzo inhlolovo ezimele abafundi impahla zemfundo;

- ukuphathwa imfundiso ngohlelo (ukulandelana imisebenzi kanye izigaba cwaningo) kanye ubuchule womsebenzi engqondweni yethu;

- nokuvuleka uhlelo uthisha methodical;

- Sitayela, umoya ezingeni lapho usukwazi ukudlala kahle ngabafundi, amafomu, indawo kanye ijubane efundwayo;

- ukudalwa nemibandela yimpumelelo umsebenzi engqondweni yethu enqubeni yokufunda;

- ikhono ukusebenza ngokuvumelana nezindlela ngabanye cwaningo yokufundisa impahla, indlela yalo yokufunda;

- eningi ukuqapha ukusebenza kanye nokuhlola imiphumela yokulawula sokugcina.

Kabusha inqubo yemfundo kumigomo modularity kuhlanganisa:

- olwandulelayo cwaningo ngokujulile imikhakha eyahlukene okuqukethwe izinhlelo zemfundo ekhona ukuze ugweme agqagqene izinsalela eyala zezemfundo.

- ukuzimisela uhlu ukuqeqeshwa amamojuli kufakwe PLO.

- ukusungulwa kungenzeka trajectories zemfundo kwesinye PLO (kuncike proflizatsy, specialisation, izinhlelo yenkosi, izifundo kobuholi kanye nezinhlelo ezengeziwe zemfundo).

- ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa ohlelweni ukuqeqeshwa amamojuli, okuyinto kuzodinga eside ubuhlakani umzamo nokuvuselela qualitative Logistics, ulwazi kanye nomtapo, futhi ukushicilela futhi base ukuphrinta of the nyuvesi.

- ukuqaliswa zokuphatha izimiso entsha yokuhlela kabusha wemfanelo wanamuhla inqubo yemfundo nabanye [3, amakhasi 12-13] ..

Ngu umugqa Bologna ngaphakathi ESTS isikala yasungulwa ngamaphuzu ayisikhombisa reference, abaqokelwe lokho yisiKhulu izinhlamvu ezingu-A, B, C, D, E, FX, F [4]. ESTS lokulinganisa esikalini kusekelwe elisezingeni umfundi kwezinye ukulinganisa, elibonisa ngokwezinga kokusebenza kwalo isihlobo kwezinye izitshudeni. Silinganiso ESTS libabiza abafundi emacembu lamabili ekucala - Achievers futhi esikoleni. abafundi abaphumelelayo zihlukaniswe subgroups ezinhlanu: okuhamba phambili ngo-10% of the izimpendulo kuhlobene nezinga esikalini okhonjiswe incwadi Iphuzu, kulandela 25% kule ncwadi, enye engu-30% incwadi C elilandelayo 25% uphawu D nezokugcina abafundi yimpumelelo uphendula incwadi E.

abafundi Underachieving zihlukaniswe subgroups ezimbili: FX (Fail - ukuthola credit umsebenzi owengeziwe kuyadingeka) kanye F (Fail - edingekayo imali ethe nokuqhubeka esebenza kuleso impahla ezemfundo esikalini).

uhlelo uyakekela yokufunda umfundi imiphumela enjalo kuzodinga wesimanje nekuhlolana amagoli amarekhodi isikhungo kanye Yiqiniso kabusha isimiso sezinto inqubo yemfundo.

Futhi ngesinye isikhathi sasifuna ukuyeka - lokhu ezilandelwayo inkomba zokwakha ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela yekufundza. Ngokuvamile, imisebenzi yesayensi kanye methodical enikelwe kokuhlaziywa kwemiphumela yekufundza oluwanikeza unamathele ukulandelana elandelayo uma abhala ukuthuthukiswa ukuhlolwa imiphumela. Okokuqala, cabanga ngalokho umphumela bazohlolwa. Okwesibili, thola iqoqo kokuhlaziywa imisebenzi. Okwesithathu, ukuchaza izidingo, ubufakazi, ukuhlolwa impumelelo noma izici ezidingekayo. Okwesine, qiniseka ukuthi nenqubo kungaba thembeke nangempumelelo kulinganiswa noma kuqagelwe nokuthi zingabantu sobala ngalokuvakalako.

Ngokuvamile, Kyrgyzstan, hhayi ejwayelekile upende imininingwane yokufunda lemiselwe .Chetko athuthukile zindlela kwakungelona kokuhlaziywa. Futhi ngakho zwí ihlanganiswe izilinganiso izinto, kwenye yezingxenye oyinhloko ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yefundo.

References:

1. State ejwayelekile zemfundo imfundo ephakeme we Kyrgyz Republic. - Volume 1 - Bishkek, 1996. - 138 k.
2. Shafranov-Kutsev GF Yesimanje Russian professional imfundo: izinkinga kanye namathemba. - wokulandisa. - Tyumen. - 2011 - 296 k.
3. Scientific Tindlelanchubo ukudalwa izinhlelo zemfundo kanye professional nsuku Modular emkhakheni ubuciko imfundo. - M - s. 12-14
4. I Bologna Inqubo: Midway / ngaphansi kwesayensi. Kuhlwe ngu VI Baydenko. Moscow, 2005.
5. Bohr AV Rozov NH izimiso eziphathelene Umsebenzi-e pedagogy nokufundisa logic. - M. Max Cindezela, 2010. - k. 48.