Polysaccharide - Iyini? Ukusetshenziswa polysaccharides nencazelo yawo

Kukhona amakilasi amane enkulu eziyinkimbinkimbi izinto bioorganic: amaphrotheni, amafutha, acid nucleic kanye carbohydrate. Polysaccharides uphakathi kwabantu abangenalo leli yokugcina. Naphezu 'emtoti' igama, iningi lazo musa ukwenza ukupheka umsebenzi.

Polysaccharide - Iyini?

Iqembu izidakamizwa futhi ngokuthi glycans. Polysaccharide - a eziyinkimbinkimbi polymer-molecule. It yakhiwa monomers ngabanye - izinsalela monosaccharide, elihlanganiswa nge isibopho glycosidic. Ngamafuphi nje, polysaccharide - molecule zakhiwa izinsalela kuhlanganiswe engaphezu kuka carbohydrate elula. Isibalo monomers ku polysaccharide ziyahlukahluka kusuka amashumi amaningana eyikhulu namashumi nokuningi. Isakhiwo polysaccharides kungaba komugqa noma branched.

izakhiwo

polysaccharides Iningi kukhona zingaxazululeki noma kabi oncibilikayo emanzini. Ngokuvamile benjalo kungekho nto enemibala emihle noma aphuzi. Iningi polysaccharides abanalo iphunga nokunambitheka, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kungaba elimnandi.

The main chemical izakhiwo

Phakathi ethize chemical izindawo hydrolysis polysaccharide kungaba khona uwedwa futhi kumiswa nemikhiqizo.

• Hydrolysis - inqubo ukuthi senzeka ukuxhumana we carbohydrate ngamanzi noma iqhaza enzyme yelikhono, ezifana acid. Ngalesi ukusabela, polysaccharide ahlahlele ku monosaccharides. Ngakho, singasho ukuthi hydrolysis - inqubo reverse polymerization.

Glycolysis isitashi kungenziwa esashiwo kwesibalo elandelayo:

• (C ₆ H ₁₀ O _{5) n} + _{n H2O} = n C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆

Ngakho, ngo-ukusabela isitashi ngamanzi ngaphansi isenzo catalysts sithola glucose. Inani molecule yamanzi kuyoba ilingana nenani monomers kwakhiwa engqamuzaneni isitashi.

• Ezemfundo kungenziwa etholakala ukusabela polysaccharides nge acid. Kulokhu, carbohydrate anamekwe ngokwabo izinsalela acid, okuholela kwetinhlavu sulfate, acetates, phosphate kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okunamathiselwe kungenzeka methanol izinsalela, okuphumela ekwakhiweni of esters.

Iqhaza yemvelo

Polysaccharides kuseli futhi umzimba ongenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

• Ukuvikelwa;
• kwesakhiwo;
• ukuze isitokwe;
• amandla.

Umsebenzi okuvikela ngokuyinhloko ukuthi we polysaccharide iseli izindonga yakhiwa eziphilayo. Ngakho, udonga cell izitshalo sakhiwa cellulose, isikhunta - kusukela chitin, ama-bacterium - kusukela murein.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi oluvikelayo polysaccharides emzimbeni womuntu lubonakaliswa yokuthi insimbi ukuma izimfihlo ahlanganiswe lezi carbohydrate, okuyinto ivikele izindonga kwezitho efana esiswini, amathumbu, emphinjeni, futhi t bronchi. D. Kusukela umonakalo mechanical Ukungena namagciwane abangela izifo.

Umsebenzi isakhiwo polysaccharides kuseli itholakala iqiniso ukuthi kukhona ingxenye ulwelwesi plasma. kunjalo futhi izingxenye ulwelwesi of organelles.

sici Landelayo ukuthi main reserve izinto eziphilayo ncamashi polysaccharides. Animal nesikhunta kuyinto glycogen. Ngo izitshalo reserve polysaccharide kuyinto isitashi.

Umsebenzi yokugcina kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi polysaccharide - kuba umthombo obalulekile yamandla ezikhungweni zokuphehla amaseli. Thola ke esitokisini may carbohydrate layo eqhekeza ku monosaccharides futhi eminye namachibi ukuba carbon dioxide futhi amanzi. Ngokwesilinganiso, cleavage elilodwa igremu ka polysaccharide cell uthola 17.6 kJ zamandla.

Ukusetshenziswa polysaccharides

Lezi izinto kabanzi umkhakha nemithi. Iningi lazo akhiqizwa laboratories nge polymerization carbohydrate elula.

I polysaccharides ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa yilezi isitashi, i-cellulose, dextrin, agar-agar.

Manje uyazi ukuthi polysaccharides, ayesebenzisa i zazo, iyini indima yabo emzimbeni, lokho ngokomzimba nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali abanakho.