Iminyango yomlilo: i-GOST nezinhlobo

Iminyango yezindawo zokuhlala isetshenziswe isintu amakhulu eminyaka. Kodwa-ke, uma ngaphambili lokhu kuhloswe kuphela ukuvikela indlu ekungeneni kwabantu abangagunyaziwe, namhlanje imisebenzi yeminyango yaba mkhulu kakhulu. Futhi enye ebaluleke kunazo zonke ukuba umgoqo emlilweni. Iminyango yesimanje yokuvimbela umlilo (i-GOST, izidingo zayo eziyinhloko kanye nezincomo zizocatshangelwa phambili), okungenani, zikwazi ukubambezela isikhathi somlilo ovulekile ukungena ekamelweni, ngaleyo ndlela unike abantu ithuba lokushiya isakhiwo noma, uma kungenakwenzeka, ukulinda usizo olungaphandle kwamasevisi omlilo. Isikhulu esiphezulu somnyango ongena emlilweni onamandla okuvimbela ilangabi egumbini elivuthayo ngaphambi kokuba izinsiza zomlilo zifike.

Imiqulu eyisisekelo yokujwayelekile

Idokhumenti esemqoka yokulawula izidingo zomlilo iminyango i-GOST. Namuhla, kunezincwadi eziningi ezinjalo, futhi ngamunye wabo uchaza imingcele ethile yemiklamo yomnyango.

Isici esiyisisekelo ekukhetheni iminyango yizici ezikhomba ukulwa nomlilo. Uma umaka izakhi ngokuhlelwa kwe-alfabhethi, kubonakala kanje:

• "E" - ukubonakala kwemifucumfucu emnyango noma ukulahlekelwa ubuqotho besakhiwo sonke ngokuchayeka ngqo emlilweni ngemuva kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Isibonelo, i- "E30" kusho ukuthi ukubhujiswa kuzoqala ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-30 yokushisa.
• "Mina" - ukulahlekelwa kwezakhiwo noma ukushisa kokushisa ukushisa.
• "R" - izinkomba eziphezulu zokwethembeka kweqabunga lomnyango. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, isikhathi sokuqala noma ukubhujiswa kuqala.

Izinhlobo zeminyango yomlilo

Ngaphambi kokuyeka ukukhetha kunoma iyiphi inketho eyodwa, kufanele ufunde ngokucophelela ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zeminyango yomlilo ejwayelekile. I-GOST, i-SNIP noma enye imibhalo evamile yokulawula ilawulwa ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhiwo zomnyango ngezindlela ezintathu.

• Ngokuphathelene nalokho okwenziwe khona, iminyango ingaba yokhuni, izensimbi kanye nesilazi (lokhu kuyakhanya kakhulu, ngoba umlilo ubonakala futhi ukukhanya komlilo kuyabonakala).
• Ngokwehlobo lokwakha, izivalo ezingena umlilo ezingenziwa ihlamvu elilodwa nambili.
• Ngokwesilinganiso sokumelana nomlilo, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zeminyango - 1st, 2nd and 3rd.

Lapho kwenziwa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo enjengeminyango yomlilo, i-GOST ilawula izidingo zobuchwepheshe lapho kukhona iminyango evamile ehambisana nayo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokhu, kunezidingo zokumelana nomlilo nokumelana nomlilo. Into eyinhloko ukuthi izakhi zesakhiwo akufanele zithuthukiswe kuze kufike emazingeni okushisa aphakeme futhi, nakakhulu, zingcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa okuvela emazingeni okushisa okuphakeme kufanele kuqondiswe ngaphandle noma ngaphakathi.

Ubukhulu

Namuhla emakethe yokwakhiwa, abakhiqizi abaningi bakhiqiza iminyango engena umlilo. Ubukhulu beGOST R53303-2009 bulawulwa kanje. Ngokuvamile, ukumelana nomlilo kuhlolwe noma yiluphi uhlobo lomnyango womkhiqizi othile. Imiphumela yezivivinyo ezichazwe ku-protocol zisebenza kulo modeli kwezinye iziphambeko ezivumelekile ezilinganisweni zonke, ezivela ku-10% kuya ku-30% ubude nobubanzi. Ukuzungeza kunokwenzeka kuze kufinyelele ku-5 cm ohlangothini olukhulu futhi kufinyelele ku-10 cm kusiqondiso esincane.

Mane nje, lo mkhiqizi womnyango womlilo uvumela i-GOST ukuthi ikhiqize ngokuphambene kwe-10% kuya ku-30% yeminyango yeminyango, eye yahlolwa futhi yaqinisekiswa.

Ingabe isango noma iminyango?

Kukhulu kangakanani ukuklanywa komlilo? Futhi yikuphi ukuphakama kweminyango okukhulunywa ngayo lapho ufaka iminyango yomlilo namasango? I-GOST ichaza kokubili imiklamo enezilinganiso eziphelele (imakethe yemikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe ngeke ikwazi ukunikela ngemikhiqizo ngobukhulu obukhulu noma obukhulu), kanye neminyango eqinisekisiwe evela kumenzi othile. Njengoba ukuqala kokulinganisa kuqala kusukela eminyango, ukuphambuka kwe -30% kuya kumklamo ngobukhulu obukhulu kunquma ukunemba kwephuzu kusuka eminyango kuya ku-hatches. Ukulungiswa kwe-+ 10% emnyango ngenani elikhulu kunazo zonke kuzobonisa isikhathi sezinyathelo zokuguqula esangweni.

Izindawo zokufakwa okungenzeka

Ukufakwa kweminyango yomlilo (i-GOST ne-SNiP iqukethe ulwazi oluphelele) kungenzeka kuphela ezindaweni ezithile. Njengoba inhloso enkulu yalezi zakhiwo ukuvikela abantu emlilweni nasemzimbeni, amaphuzu okufaka okuyinhloko abhekwa njengamagumbi anengozi yomlilo. Emkhakheni wembonini, lezi yizinto zokugcina impahla, imigodi, ibhodi lokusabalalisa eliyinhloko lebhizinisi, nama-workshops. Ezikhathini zehhovisi kunengqondo ukufaka iminyango enjalo lapho kugcinwa khona imibhalo ebalulekile.

Izinto ezisetshenziswayo

Ngokombono wabathengi, umnyango wensimbi ongenamlilo unamandla okumelana nomlilo. I-GOST - idokhumenti eyinhloko yokubamba iqhaza - ukuphoqelelwa komkhiqizo ukusebenzisa amamaki ama-steels alloyed. Njengoba ukugqoka nokushisa, ama-non-toxic refractory compounds and materials kufanele asetshenziswe. Ukuthenjelwa ngokweqile nokunikeza ukuvikelwa okuhle emlilweni nakho kungena eminyango yomlilo, ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali akhethekile anciphisa ukushisa.

Ngokuvamile, ubuchwepheshe besimanje bwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa amaphrofayli aluminium nge-thermo-accumulating fillers, ingilazi yokucubungula eminingana yokukhiqiza emnyango. Njengomthetho, izakhiwo ezithwala imithwalo evela kumaphrofayli aluminium anikezwa ngempahla ephezulu.

Izigaba eziyinhloko zeminyango yokukhiqiza

Inqubo yezobuchwepheshe, njengombuso, ibukeka ngale ndlela ngendlela elandelayo:

• Izakhiwo lapho izakhiwo zomnyango ezizokwenziwa kamuva zihlolwe;
• Izakhi zokwakha eziyisisekelo zenziwe ngokuhambisana ne-GOST;
• I-Doors engenamlilo i-GOST 30247.0-94 incoma ukuthi ihambisane nazo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlolwa.

Ingxenye ngayinye yomklamo inezici zayo eziqondile. Ukuze kusetshenzwe ifreyimu yomnyango, iphrofayli egobile yensimbi isetshenziswa. Ngokwezimfuneko zobuchwepheshe, umgwamanda uyadingeka. Izibambo zomnyango zenziwe ngensimbi futhi zihlanganiswe ngento ekhethekile ye-polymer, eyovula ngisho nomnyango ovuthayo ofudumele. Icala lokukhiya kumele libe ngummango omlilo. Ukukhiqiza izingxenye zayo, insimbi enhle kakhulu isetshenziswa.

Ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziselwa kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kweminyango yensimbi yizobuchwepheshe obukhethekile, ukushisa ukushisa okushisa, amateyipu ahlanzekile akhula embusweni oshisayo, izigxobo zenjoloba ezivela kumusi obandayo ziyasetshenziswa.

Ngidinga ilayisense ukufaka iminyango?

Ngaphambi kokuba ukhethe inkampani ethize yokufaka iminyango yomlilo, udinga ukuthola ukuthi udinga ilayisensi yemisebenzi enjalo. Njengoba lolu hlobo lomsebenzi kufanele lwenziwe kuphela ngabachwepheshe futhi njengendlela efanele, kungenzeka ukuthi ilayisense iyadingeka. Ngenkathi iklayenti engaboni isethi ephelele yezimvume, akakwazi ukuthembela ngokugcwele ngomculi. Ukukhishwa kwalolu hlobo lwamaphepha kwenziwa ngumnyango womlilo. Esikhathini esizayo, yilesi sakhiwo (umnyango womlilo) okuzofanele ulandele ukuthi ngabe umsebenzi wenziwe yini ekufakweni kweminyango engena umlilo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zonke izidingo namazinga achazwa kumaGOST kanye neSNiP ahlangatshezwa.

Zonke izidingo, nazo, zingahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezimbili: lezo ezihlinzekwe yidokhumenti evamile kanye nalabo abathengi ababeka phambili kubontrakta.

Izidingo zemibhalo evamile (GOST, SNiP)

Ayikho idokhumenti evamile eqondisa ukufakwa kwezakhiwo zangasese ezingena umlilo. Kodwa-ke, ukufaka iminyango yensimbi evamile enezici eziningana futhi iveza idokhumenti enjalo ithuthukiswa, futhi lokhu yi-GOST. Ukufakwa kweminyango yomlilo kufanele kwenziwe ngokwakhiwa kwehange kunesisindo esingenani 10 mm. Ibanga eliphakathi kwezingqinamba eziseduze okungenani li-700 mm. Isakhiwo somnyango ngokwayo kufanele sifakwe ngokusebenzisa iveli kanye nomugqa wendiza. Ukuphambuka kwebhokisi kusuka emaxeni akuvumelekile ukuthi angaphezu kuka-1.5 mm nge-1 imitha yobude. I-block block kufanele ifakwe ekuvuleni okulungiselelwe okulinganiselwe ngokuphathelene nokuvula okuqondile. Izaphu zokwakhiwa kanye nezigqoko kumele zigcwaliswe nge-foam.

Izidingo zeKhasimende zomculi

Okokuqala, lokhu kuyimodeli edingekayo yamadokhumenti. Lokhu kufaka:

• Idokhumenti evumela ukufakwa kweminyango yomlilo (ilayisense);
• Isitifiketi sokuphepha komlilo ;
• Ipasipoti yomnyango.

Futhi, kufanele kube nomnyango olawulwa kahle, ngaphansi komsebenzi lapho umnyango kufanele uzikhiphe khona. Kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i -foam yokulwa nomlilo engavutha umlilo eyasetshenziselwa ukufakwa . Ukwenza lokhu kulula, ngoba kunombala obomvana. I-foam yanoma yimuphi omunye umbala kufanele ishintshwe. Kutholakale ukubuyekezwa kufanele kube yizindawo lapho imingcele esemqoka yomnyango nomkhiqizi wayo iboniswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnyango womlilo (i-GOST ayinayo imininingwane enjalo) kufanele ivumelane ngokuqinile ebhokisini. Ukubonwa ukubuyekezwa okubukwayo komdlalo kuwumsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wokufaka umnyango. I-rubber yokufaka uphawu kumele ifakwe kancane. Umbala kufanele ube yifane, itekisi ekhulisa i-thermo-ihlanganiswe ngokufanele, futhi umnyango kufanele uvaliwe ngomnyango oseduze ngaphandle komthelela.

Uma ikhasimende lanelisekile yilokho konke, khona-ke isenzo sokufakwa kweminyango sisayinwe.

Ukusebenza nokugcinwa

Ukunakekelwa komnyango womlilo akufani neze nokugcinwa kwesakhiwo esijwayelekile, akulawulwa yi-GOST. Iminyango yomlilo yokhuni, njengezinsimbi, kufanele isetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokusebenza komsebenzi. Ukushintshwa kuncike ezakhiweni ezigcwalise umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ngesikhathi somlilo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umnyango uyaqedwa futhi omunye ufakwe.