Izitebhisi ezingaphephile (H1, H2, H3) kanye namanqanaba okuphepha emlilweni

Izinga lamanje lokuthuthukiswa kwenqubekela phambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe alithinti nganoma yiluphi uhlobo ukutholakala kweqiniso lokuthi umlilo iminyaka eyizinkulungwane uye waba yisitha sezingozi kakhulu zokuhlala kwabantu.

Naphezu kokusungulwa kwemithetho echaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingekho ezingasetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa ingaphakathi , izibalo azihlali zingenakulinganiswa: Amakhaya abantu namuhla akwazi ukuhlukumezeka.

Ngokuvamile into ehlalayo kuphela uma kwenzeka umlilo ushicilelwe abaqashi, okungukuthi, ukuphuma. Indlela ephephile yokukhuphuka ezikhungweni eziphakemeyo yimizila yokuphunyuka umlilo.

Ingozi kubantu emlilweni akuyona nje umlilo. Umusi uyingozi futhi. Kodwa isitha esingabonakali kunazo zonke singu-carbon monoxide. Umuntu angase angaboni imiphumela yaso (ngokungafani nokuvutha okuvamile, i- carbon monoxide ayinamakha noma umbala). I-carbon dioxide monoxide ibonakala ngokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo. Emaminithini ambalwa, isisulu singase silahlekelwe, emva kwalokho, cishe asikho ithuba lokusindiswa.

Ngakho-ke, endlini ngayinye, njengesimo esibaluleke kakhulu sokusindisa izakhamuzi phakathi nomlilo onesiteleka esingenabuthu. Ziyini izinhlobo zezitebhisi ezingenabuthu nezinyathelo?

I-Staircase - into ebalulekile yezakhiwo

Izitebhisi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yezakhiwo eziningi. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo ezisetshenziselwa ukuthumela phansi, kanye nezitezi zokukhishwa, okungukuthi, ezingenayo intuthu.

Ukuba khona kwalesi sikhathi sokugcina yisimo esibaluleke kunazo zonke lapho abantu bekhishwa khona ngesikhathi somlilo. Kulezi zakhiwo eziningana, kuthiwa yi-SNIP, ngakho-ke kunesibopho kubakhi ukuba bakhe ukuklama kwezakhiwo.

Amakhondomu okuphuza: injongo

Amakhamera okuphuza kufanele abe khona ezindaweni eziphakeme. Imiklamo enjalo iqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabaqashi ngesikhathi somlilo noma uma kwenzeka ezinye izimo eziphuthumayo. Ukuhlelwa kwamakhamera okuphuma ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezakhiwo kuncike emazingeni athile ngokuphathelene nosayizi wabo, ukumiswa nendawo. Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwesimodeli, inhloso ejwayelekile yalezi zakhiwo ukuqinisekisa ukuphuma okuphephile kwabantu abasesakhiweni uma kunesidingo.

Izakhamuzi zasekhaya, izisebenzi kanye nezivakashi zesikhungo, besebenzisa izitebhisi zokuphumula, zingashiya izakhiwo ngaphandle kokuyingozi empilweni nasezempilo. Ukukhipha okukhiphayo kuhloswe ukuwavikela emlilweni nasekubhemeni. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqiniseka ukuthi ukuhamba okukhululekile kuzo bonke abasesakhiweni.

Amakhansela okuphuza angasetshenziswa njengendlela ephumayo ephuma esakhiweni. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ezakhiweni ezingenawo umnyango ongemuva ohlukile. Imithetho yokuphepha komlilo ivimbela ukusebenzisa izakhiwo ezingaphezu kwezingu ezintathu, hhayi ifakwe ngesiteleka sokukhishwa.

Indawo:

Izidingo ezihlukile zenziwa endaweni yezigaba zokukhishwa. Ngokuvamile, zihlolwe ngemuva kwezakhiwo zomphakathi noma ekupheleni, uma kuvezwa uhlobo lokuvula oluvulekile.

Ngalungiselelo elihlongozwayo lokuphuma kwesakhiwo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, igumbi elihlukile noma umzila wabiwe isiteji esinjalo. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwabantu abahlehla uma kwenzeka umlilo bese kuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kokuphuma okuvela njalo endlini.

Igumbi elinjalo kufanele lihlonywe ngomnyango ongenamlilo okwazi ukugcina ilangabi okungenani ihora elilodwa. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa kwamalungu kanye nokususwa okusheshayo kwentuthu.

Igumbi ngalinye kufanele lihlome ukuphuma e-stairwell. Ububanzi bayo buxhomeke kubukhulu bevesi kanye nezinyathelo. Amamodeli angenayo avaliwe anikezela indawo ngaphakathi kwendawo yesayithi, umnyango oholela esiteji sangaphandle. Lokhu kuyindlela enhle kakhulu lapho kungenakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ngokuphelele le ndima evela kumusi.

Ngaphandle kwezingaphandle zangaphandle, umthetho oyingqayizivele usebenza: ibanga ukusuka emaphethelweni emakethe odongeni kufanele libe ngamasentimitha angu-100. Lokhu kuncipha ingozi yomlilo engena ekuphumeni okuphuthumayo futhi ivimbela ukushisa kwesakhiwo, kanye nezinsizakalo zokuzivikela.

Izinto zokwakha

Njengoba lo mdwebo uhloselwe ukusetshenziselwa ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kuhlanganise nemililo, izidingo ezithile zenziwa ngokukhetha izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha. Isimo esiyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuqina nokuqina komlilo kwezitebhisi. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezifana nokukhonkolo nezensimbi yizona ezithandwa kakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezivutha kalula, ukuqubuka noma ukukhulula izinto ezinobuthi lapho zivutha, akuvunyelwe nakancane.

Izidingo SNIP ne-GOST

Amazinga we-GOST no-SNiP alawulwa yimithetho lapho kuzofakwa khona zonke izinyathelo. Zithinte futhi ezinhlobonhlobo zokuthutha.

• Ukuphambuka okujwayelekile kwesiteleka sokukhishwa kungukuthi isilinganiso sobude nokuphakama kwesikhala ngu-2: 1.
• Ngomkhankaso owodwa, ukutholakala kwezinyathelo ezingu-3-18 kuyamukeleka. Ngama-2-hamba inani labo akumele lidlule izicucu ezingu-16.
• Ububanzi bezinyathelo kufanele kuhlinzekwe ukuhlinzeka induduzo yokunyakaza, ubukhulu obukhulu buyi-24-29 cm.
• Ukuphakama kwesinyathelo ngokuvamile ku-20-22 cm.
• Ububanzi besiteji bubekwe yizidingo ezifana nokuthi abantu ababili bangadlula kulo kanyekanye. Inani elincane kunazo zonke elivumelekile lingu-1 m. Kuvunyelwe ukunciphisa ubukhulu bezakhiwo zangaphandle kuya ku-70 cm.
• Indawo emkhatsini wamashidi ngosayizi kumele ihambelane nobubanzi bezitebhisi bese uphuma kuwo.
• Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokuphuma esakhiweni ngesikhathi somlilo, kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka ukufinyelela esiteshini, okuholela endaweni evulekile noma ekamelweni elihlukile, elivikelwe umlilo nomusi.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Amakhondomu okuphuza ahlukaniswa uhlobo lwezinto, indawo, kanye nezici zokuklama. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezilinganiso zanamuhla zokukhishwa, ezihluke ezinkambeni ezifana nenhloso, ububanzi nokucushwa:

• Itholakala ezitebhisini ezikhethekile ezingekho ukubhema ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo;
• Itholakala ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, futhi ayihlanganiswe izindonga;
• Itholakala ngaphandle futhi yiklamo yokuphuma okuphuthumayo.

Lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukuthuthwa kuphela, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala zezitebhisi zifaka indawo yokungena.

Ezinhlotsheni zokwakha ezamukelekayo

Ukuze kukhishwe, ukuhamba okuqondile okuhlonyelwe amapulatifomu okuphakathi nakho kuyasetshenziswa. Kwezinye izimo, lapho kungekho indawo eyanele yendawo yabo, ngokufana noma ngokuthambekela okuncane odongeni kufakwe izakhiwo eziqondile ezifana nezicimi zomlilo.

Kuvinjelwe ngokuqinile

Imithetho yokuphepha komlilo ayenqatshelwe ukwakha izitebhisi:

• Ngezinyathelo ezigijima;
• Ngomumo ovalwe futhi ongavamile wezinhlangothi;
• Isikulufa;
• Ngezinyathelo zokulingana okungalingani.

Yiziphi izitebhisi ezingenzi inzuzo?

Ukuba khona kwezakhiwo ezinjalo endlini kuhloswe ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha okukhulu kokuphila kanye nempilo yabantu uma kwenzeka umlilo. Zihamba ngezinyathelo ezithile, okufanele zitholwe ezindaweni ezifanele zesakhiwo.

Esinye sezidingo eziyinhloko zokukhishwa kungukuhlukaniswa komusi. Izitebhisi ezingenazo ezibhemayo zihlukaniswa yiqiniso lokuthi phakathi nomlilo abawi ku-RPT (imfucumfucu, intuthu, njll).

Ukuba khona kwalezi zakhiwo kuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa ngempumelelo lapho kwenzeka umlilo kubantu abakhiqizi abaningi. Kunezidingo ezahlukene ezibekiwe kubo kuye ngokuthi uhlobo oluthile.

Izinhlobo

Izitebhisi ezingenazo ezibhemayo zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo eziningana, ezingahle zihlukaniswe ngokwezinto ezithile zokuklama, indawo, ukufinyelela kuzo kanye nemigomo yokusebenza. Izinhlobo zezitebhisi:

• I-H1 ibhekwa njengesimo esiyisisekelo. Izici zesici sokuklama ukutholakala kokufinyelela nge-platform evulekile. Kudingekile ukuthi indlela yokuphuma ekuphumeni akuyona intuthu.
• I-H2 inikeza ukutholakala kwengcindezi yomoya lapho kwenzeka ukuqubuka.
• I-H3 iyafana ne-H2, kodwa inikeza ukuhlinzekwa kokufinyelela emakethe ngokusebenzisa isango-esangweni. Kukhona futhi ukutholakala komoya, okuhlinzekwa kokubili ngesikhathi somlilo futhi njalo.

Izidingo

Ukuphepha komlilo ezitebhisini kuqinisekiswa yimithetho ehlinzekela ukulondolozwa komuntu:

• Kuzo zonke izilinganiso ezingenabuthu, ukukhanya okuphuthumayo kufakwe.
• Ububanzi bomnyango kufanele bube ngu-1.2 m, nokuphakama - kusuka ku-1.9 m.
• Ububanzi bokuphuma nokuhamba ngezindiza akufanele kube kakade ububanzi besigaba.
• Uma ufaka esitokisini esingenangqondo esiseduze ne-shaft ye-elevator, ukuvulwa kwe-ventilation (ezingeni lesiteji esingaphansi) kuhlelwe odongeni ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala komoya mahhala.
• Ezitebhisini ezitebhisini ezingenabhema, ukubekwa kwempahla yomuntu kungavunyelwe. Izitebhisi kumele zibe zingcolile, ngoba udoti ungaba yisithintelo ekuthunjweni kwabantu kanye nomsebenzi wabacimi bomlilo.
• Akunqatshelwe ukufaka izingxenye ezizimele ezingabonakali ngeprojekthi yokwakhiwa, kanye nokunqamula amavesi emilenzeni ekhona yokulwa nomlilo.
• Imishini ephoqelekile yesiteleka esingenabuthu ihamba ngezinsimbi ezivela ezintweni ezingenakuqothulwa futhi ezingashisi kakhulu.

Amakhredithi angewona umusi H1

"Imithetho yokwakha nemithetho" efundwayo: ezakhiweni ezinamaphesenti angaba ngu-30, izitebhisi ezingenabuthu njengeH1 kufanele zakhiwe.

Lolu hlobo ludinga ukufakwa kwezitebhisi, ezingeniswa endaweni ephansi, besebenzisa ukukhuthazwa isikhala ngomoya ovulekile. Indawo ye-H1 ingaba i-veranda, i-balcony noma izitezi ezifakiwe, ezikhishwe esakhiweni. Lokhu kungenxa yesidingo sokuhlinzekela ukukhishwa kwemvelo endaweni engcolile yokwakhiwa kokuphuma. Ukuhluka okuphelele kokubeka lolu hlobo lwezitebhisi kungxenyeni engxenyeni yesakhiwo. Isikhundla esihle kunazo zonke ikhoneni elingaphakathi, elihlomele ngamaphaya engeziwe. Isici sabo esakhayo ukuntuleka kokuxhumana okuqondile phansi kwesakhiwo.

Ukubekwa okuvamile kwama cell H1 kusezindaweni zezakhiwo ezihlangothini lwe-windward. Zibonakala ngokuba khona kokuguqulwa kwebhokisi, kanye nezicingo ezinezikrini ezivikelayo. Ushintsho lwenziwe ngendlela evulekile yegalari noma i-loggia, ububanzi bendima kusuka ku-1.2 m kufanele kuhlinzekwe. Ububanzi phakathi kwe-aisles, njenge-interval kusukela ekuhlukaneni kuya efasiteleni, kufanele okungenani kube ngu-2 m.

Amakhredithi angewona umusi H2

I-Staircase H2 ihlelwe esakhiweni, esitezi esingaphansi esiphezulu esingama-28-50 m. Ezingqamuzaneni ze-H2, ukucindezelwa komoya kudalwa (isimiso somlilo wesithando). Kungaba unomphela noma kungavulwa uma kwenzeka i-alamu yomlilo. Kungenzeka futhi ukufaka isipele ngokuzimela usebenzisa amaphampu e-air kagesi ahlinzeka ngcindezi yomoya, okumele ifakwe amandla okuphazamiseka okungenakuguqulwa.

Uma udala umoya wokuphuza umoya, i-thrust (noma i-thrust) kufanele ibalwe kahle. Ingcindezi kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi iminyango yomlilo ingavulelwa ngokukhululekile esiteji. Ukucindezela esitezi esingaphansi kufanele kube okungenani ama-pascals angu-20, ngaphezulu - okungenakudlula ama-pascals angu-150.

Amathambo noma izikhukhula, lapho kungena khona umnyango wezinyathelo ze-stadium H2, ezinezicabha zomlilo. Ezingqamuzaneni ezingabhemi kulolu chungechunge, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi uhlele izingxenye eziqondile nge-interval of 7-8 floor.

Amakhansela angewona umusi H3

I- staircase H3 engavaliwe nayo yakhiwe ngokusebenzisa ukusekelwa kwe-air. Umehluko wabo usekuhlelweni lwamagumbi okuhamba okukhethekile neminyango yokuvala. Usayizi wabo kufanele okungenani ube ngamamitha ayi-4 square. M. Emangqamuzana alolu hlobo, umoya uchithelwa esikhaleni esithathwe yi-esiteji futhi ku-locks ekhethekile. I-Airlift yenziwa ngokugcwele noma isebenze ngokuzenzekelayo uma kwenzeka umlilo noma umusi.

Izinto Eziyisisekelo

Lapho kudala ukuhamba okungahambisani nentuthu, ukhonkolo luvame ukusetshenziswa. Kuphephile ekuvimbeleni umlilo, okuqinile futhi okusetshenziswe kalula. Njengokwesekwa kwesisekelo sekhonkrithi, izakhiwo zensimbi zisetshenziswa, isibonelo, ekwakhiweni kocingo noma iminyango. Izindwangu zensimbi nazo zifanelekile ezakhiweni ezikhanyayo.

Izakhi zezinkuni zisetshenziselwa umthamo omncane: izingodo ezenziwe ngamapulangwe noma izibambo zomnyango, okumele ukuthi ziphathwe ngendlela yokulwa nomlilo.