Imiphumela Main wokubusa Ivana Groznogo

Ivan Grozny wayeyindodana Grand Prince Vasily III. Ebuntwaneni futhi intsha umbusi wesikhathi esizayo zenzeka esikhathini seziyaluyalu emazweni isiRashiya, eyayintula nethonya elikhulu umbono ikusasa u-Ivan IV yendima yayo isikhulu. Futhi ngenxa Ivana Groznogo wokubusa ekugcineni kwaba yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa ukuqhubeka lizwe kunanoma iyiphi enye umsebenzi eNgophezukonke Russian wangaleyo nkathi.

Ngokusho eziningana mlando, kulapho isiphetho Russia yasungulwa njengoba kumiswa ekhethekile civilizational futhi geopolitical we aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga.

Imisebenzi isikhulu futhi imiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu wokubusa Ivana Groznogo

U-Ivan IV ethathe ubukhosi namanje izinsizwa kakhulu - ngo-1547. Isenzakalo esibalulekile nonyaka kwaba ukuvukela eMoscow abantu ukubhikisha ngokumelene nokucindezela boyars. Izibhelu wafika yokuthi amanye amalungu babulawa Rurik lwamakhosi. Ngisho ukuthi wayeneminyaka engu-nesikhombisa-Prince, kwaba sobala ukuthi isimo kudinga iqoqo ezibanzi yezinguquko: kudalwa ubushiqela olulodwa, tingucuko uhlelo lwezobulungiswa ukushicilelwa nomthetho omusha ukuhlangabezana nezidingo kwesikhathi nokunye. Empeleni, lo msebenzi abuye abone imiphumela esemqoka wokubusa Ivana Groznogo ku ezombusazwe yangaphakathi kwesikhulu. Ngo-1547 lapho egcekeni isikhulu kwamiswa uhulumeni ngokwethukela, kuqoqwa kwamadoda asebukhosini, abefundisi nezikhulu, injongo owawungumnyaka eliyifa yezinguquko ezinkulu kuleli zwe. Imisebenzi eyinhloko the ekhethiwe thokozani (igama uhulumeni, ukuze uqinise e historiography) okulandelako:

• le kabusha isimiso sokwahlulela futhi ukuba kusakazwe le Sudebnik ngokugcwele ngo-1550;
• ubunye benkolo bangaleso izimiso iSonto kulo lonke izwe-Russian futhi kwakuwukuthi isonto kohulumeni bezwe;
• ukuguqulwa we-apharathasi isimo, okwaholela ekuguquleni zonke aristocrats empeleni izikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nokulutheka enkulu kohulumeni basekhaya ku kuhulumeni;
• kabusha lempi, kufaka ukwethulwa inqubo iyunifomu for the service kulo lonke izwe kanye kudalwa izinhlobo ezintsha amabutho njalo (abacibisheli, Gunners). Waba yini umphumela walesi umsebenzi kwaba ukuvela oqinile isimo eyodwa esikhundleni wahlukana kuze emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, ababusi Russian.

Oprichnina nomgomo wezangaphandle. Imiphumela

Nokho, ngemva 1560 kukhona ukungqubuzana phakathi abaholi ephalamende akhethwe futhi Omkhulu Duke. Isikhathi esilandelayo umlando Russian eyaziwa njenge "oprichnina" lapho u-Ivan IV yena ubumbe yasebusosheni ozinikele amabutho futhi lokho kwaholela ukwesaba ngempela ngokumelene Izicukuthwane yamazwe Russian. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kwaholela ukugomela kobukhosi ngokuphelele, okuyinto ngempela inqubo yemvelo Europe ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-oprichnina wabeka phansi le nhlekelele emikhulu oqubuke ngemva kwamashumi amahlanu futhi waziwa ngokuthi Nezinkinga Omkhulu. Kwaba kubaluleke kakhulu kanti imiphumela yokubusa Ivana Groznogo kwindawo leentjhabatjhaba State eMoscow. Kwakungelona nje inhlangano yokuqala enamandla zombusazwe Eastern lwamaSlav ka Kievan Rus, phakathi nekhulu XVI iqala ukunwetshwa asebenzayo emzabalazweni eMoscow ngoba impahla yabo. Ngokuyinhloko aseBaltic esifundeni empumalanga ngezithukuthuku nempahla wangaphambilini we-Tatar zidlamlilo, lapho izikhulu wokuqala Russian waqala ngenkuthalo ukuhlasela Ivan Grozny. Ezenye ibhodi fingqa kafushane ethebuleni.

Imiphumela Main wokubusa Ivana Groznogo. ithebula

Nokho, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi imiphumela ziboniswa amatafula kunalokho eyayivela.