Indlela umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi ebesibekiwe? Article 27. Ukugcinwa Ilungelo Lokungayi ukuqokwa ekuseni yempesheni zabasebenzi

Nyanga zonke ukuthola imali okuqukethwe kwabo siqu elivezwa kweminyaka ethize futhi ugcwalise isipiliyoni somsebenzi. Nokho, kukhona okuthile okuhlukile; ikakhulukazi, ilungelo umhlalaphansi. Yini izigaba zabantu bayakwazi ukuthola inkokhelo yemali ekuqaleni? Indlela umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi ebesibekiwe? Zonke lezi mibuzo zizonikezwa izimpendulo enemininingwane isihloko.

izici Jikelele

Ngeshwa, akuyona yonke izakhamizi isiko lomthetho okwanele. Yingakho abasebenzi abaningi kubantu akwaziwa ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama umtsetfo lokhona elawula ilungelo umhlalaphansi. Zonke izinzuzo, amalungelo, zimali eziseceleni ezikhokhiswayo nezinye izakhi eziningi ezibalulekile zomthetho awashintsheki kwasekuqaleni, e-Code Labour. Kodwa ngaphezu kufanele futhi ukugqamisa inani elikhulu izimiso Uhulumeni kanye nemitheshwana (ngokukhethekile, zoMthetho Federal ekufezeni zabasebenzi izimo ukuhlolwa). Zonke imithetho elawula umqondo elandelayo.

umhlalaphansi singakashayi isikhathi (Athikili 27 Federal Law "Ngo zabasebenzi impesheni ye Russian Federation") ukuxhumana ngqo uchwepheshe imisebenzi ngabanye kwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo yokusebenza ethize noma wavumelana kwezinkambiso ezithile emphakathini.

Ngakho, umuntu ofeza umsebenzi wakhe emsebenzini wokukhiqiza kwezimo ezingajwayelekile ukusebenza, unelungelo hhayi kuphela zonke izinhlobo izinzuzo, kodwa futhi ngoba inkokhelo ekuseni. Kulesi umsebenzi kumele kube "elimazayo 'ngempela: uhlu imisebenzi onzima kwaba evunywe uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe has, kodwa azizange zishintshe kuze kube yilolu suku. Ubani iphumula kwesikhathi? Le ndlela izochazwa kamuva.

impesheni umhlalaphansi: Ngubani umuntu unelungelo?

izinzuzo umhlalaphansi singakashayi isikhathi ngokuthi okufana izinkokhelo zenyanga lapho kweminyaka esemthethweni okuhlaselayo kuzothatha ayisekho kuka engu-2. Ufanelekele impesheni abanjalo bangabaphostoli ababandakanyeka Russian umsebenzi isikhungo njengoba engasebenzi, kanye olufanele lomsebenzi (iminyaka engu-20 kwabesifazane kanye nengu-25 abantu besilisa). Ngakho, impesheni umhlalaphansi singakashayi isikhathi eRussia ikhishwa kuphela labo bantu ukuthi ukuhlangabezana nalezi zindlela ezingenhla.

Ukuba khona kwabantu ezindaweni zokusebenza ka ezimweni eziyingozi noma kunzima ukusebenza njalo kufaka kungenzeka umhlalaphansi. izimo Iyingozi ukusebenza abhekwa ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo, futhi muva nje - umsebenzi eNyakatho Ekude yeCanada. umthetho Russian sisungula kungenzeka okuthiwa enciphile isikhathi sokusebenza. Kwaba sibonga kuye ukuthi sizokwazi ukuthola i izinzuzo umhlalaphansi.

Kufanele futhi wazi khona ebusweni zokusebenza ezinye izifo ezingathi sína kwababhemayo. Uma phambili umsebenzi akunakwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu zempilo, impesheni umhlalaphansi kungenziwa ikhishwe kuphela ngaphansi isimo umbiko yezokwelapha ekhethekile isikhungo umsebenzi.

Uhlu imisebenzi enobungozi

Uma isisebenzi lucwaningo umsebenzi wakhe izici eziyingozi ye zabasebenzi, kungenzeka umhlalaphansi luyanda kakhulu. Hlobo luni ubuthishela zingena ngaphansi isigaba "okubi"? Njengoba kubusa amaSoviet walondoloza ngezigaba, okuvumela ukunquma ngokunembile degree of kobukhulu zomsebenzi. Ngakho, kukhona amazinga amane umsebenzi okhokhelwayo:

• 1 degree. Luhilela izinguquko ezincane emzimbeni ukuthi kudlule masinyane, uma umuntu eyeka ukusebenza imisebenzi.
• 2 degree. Libhekene izinguquko ziphikelele umzimba, okuyinto kubandakanya ukuthuthukiswa izifo eziningi ezingapheli. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi kubantu abasebenza ukukhiqiza "elimazayo 'neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15.
• 3 degree. Ukusebenza izinga ingozi ezifana imayelana nani ukubhujiswa ephikelelayo empilweni yomuntu; esingenzeka ukukhubazeka ngokuphelele.
• 4 degree. Lisho disorder futhi enazo zonke izinto khona ezinye izinqubo ingozi emzimbeni, okuyinto bungaholela ekukhubazekeni.

Ukukhishwa degree ngamunye onjalo engavumelekile itholakala kuphela uma unaka la maphuzu alandelayo:

• okusezingeni eliphezulu okuqukethwe uthuli emoyeni, khona ukungcola;
• izinga ezimbi zokukhanya;
• imisindo elikhulu;
• emisebeni eyingozi;
• ukusebenza nezilwanyana ezincane eziyingozi, amagciwane, amakhemikhali, nokunye d..;
• vibration ephakeme;
• okusezingeni eliphezulu nomswakama ezingeni;
• eliphansi kakhulu noma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu;
• voltage isikhathi imisebenzi ukusebenza nokunye okuningi.

Kuzo zonke zindlela futhi kusekelwe omunye ngezigaba: ohlwini 1 - i-profession ngezinga abagxeka ingozi kanye nohlu 2 - uhlobo oluthile imisebenzi enzima futhi ubuchwepheshe. Zombili lezi zinhlu kalula itholakala kwi website esemthethweni ye-Ministry of Labor.

isigaba izakhamuzi

UMthetho Federal №400 iqukethe izinto ezingaphezu kuka-20, okuyinto kumele bucaciswe njengoba izimo umhlalaphansi, kanti ezinye ubuchwepheshe, abasebenza ngazo ungakwazi ufanelekele umhlalaphansi. Kulapha ivelele? Nazi ezinye amakhono ezisohlwini umthetho:

• zikaloliwe
• abacwaningi nabahloli bamazwe;
• abavukuzi;
• nabashayeli zomphakathi;
• nabasebenzi emfuleni nasolwandle izitsha;
• abasebenzi emkhakheni zezindiza;
• abatakuli umkhakha;
• abantu abasebenza ngaphansi komhlaba (abavukuzi basezimayini, izisebenzi komhlaba, njll ...);
• abasebenzi ejele (abasebenzi ejele);
• othisha;
• odokotela umphakathi;
• abasebenzi yaseshashalazini namanye abasebenzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, yima lapha nezigaba esikhethekile izakhamuzi:

• omama imindeni emikhulu (bekhuphula ezinganeni ezinhlanu);
• ongaboni kahle;
• abantu abalimala empini;
• dwarfs futhi midgets;
• abasebenzi eNyakatho Ekude.

umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi kungase kube ekhishwe kuwo wonke umuntu ngenhla. Ngasiphi yobudala kungenzeka umhlalaphansi? Le ndlela izochazwa kamuva.

Imibandela umhlalaphansi wakho ekuseni

Indlela yokwenza umhlalaphansi ngasekuqaleni Russian Federation? Okokuqala kufanele sinake kule mibandela elandelayo:

• Umnyaka isisebenzi. Kumele ube neminyaka eyi-53 kwabesifazane iminyaka engu-58 kwabesilisa.
• Isimo khona abangasebenzi.
• Ukuhambisana ne ubudala esungulwe kusigaba imigomo.
• intando eliyimfihlo lowo muntu efaka isicelo sokuthatha umhlalaphansi singakashayi isikhathi (uma umuntu kwehliselwe).
• Uma umfakisicelo - unina, abakhulisa izingane ezingaphezu kwezinhlanu.

Uma imigomo efanele zifeziwe, kubalulekile ukuba banake okuqukethwe uhlu okuthiwa 1 no-2 eshiwo ngenhla. Ngakho, owesifazane okuqondene ohlwini loHlelo 1, inelungelo impesheni ngokufinyelela engu-53, nabantu abangu-isipiliyoni engu-15. Isikhathi umsebenzi eziyingozi kuleli cala kumele kungabi ngaphansi kuka iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Nokho, ngokwendlela ohlwini 2 owesifazane zingathola impesheni kusukela eminyakeni 45. Umsebenzi nakho ngesikhathi esifanayo akufanele ube neminyaka engaphansi kwengama-20.

Futhi uhlu abonisa abasebenzi besilisa? Ngokuhambisana oHIelweni 1 ifinyelele eminyakeni engu-50 indoda kungaba ukudweba yempesheni itoho sokuzuza iminyaka engu-20. Luhlelo 2 ubeka ubuncane beminyaka abasebenzi uneminyaka engu 55 kanye nengu-25 yenkonzo (12 ezimweni eziyingozi).

Ngakho, umhlalaphansi singakashayi isikhathi sokuguga kungenziwa ikhishwe anisoze bonke abantu, kodwa yilabo kuphela ezihlangabezana nenqubo ngenhla.

Early impesheni ku Russian Federation: oda yokubhalisa

Iziphi izenzo okufanele zithathwe sokubhalisa izinzuzo umhlalaphansi? Ukuze uqalise iwukuba uxhumane umsebenzi esikhungweni sendawo nesicelo esifanele. Kuzoba ukubhala ukuthi zidinga ukugcwaliswa. Umzimba kuyosisiza qualitatively ukukhipha iphepha. Phakathi nenyanga, isikhungo umsebenzi sizonikeza izakhamuzi impendulo - nesivumelwano ukwenza umsebenzi phambili waiver evumelekile.

Yini ngidinga ukuhlinzeka Employment Centre ngaphezu isicelo? Njengomthetho, kufanele madokumende alandelayo:

• ipasipoti ifothokhophi;
• Kamazisi yasebusosheni;
• isitifiketi sokuzalwa sengane (uma umsebenzi unezingane);
• yasekuqaleni futhi ikhophi yencwadi umsebenzi.

Futhi, umsebenzi isikhungo ungacela iphepha ezilandelayo:

• isitifiketi abondliwa;
• ikheli Isicelo (nendawo yokuhlala);
• isitifiketi nokukhubazeka;
• isitifiketi bokukhulisa umntwana ongazange attained eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili;
• idokhumenti ukubunjwa umndeni;
• ilayisensi noma isitifiketi esitokisini.

Isigungu seziPhathimandla singasungula ucele nezinye izitifiketi eziningi - isibonelo, amanye amadokhumenti emsebenzini. Kubalulekile kakhulu ngendlela efanele futhi ngokufanele ahlele iphepha, hlola izimpawu kanye ahlanganisiwe.

amalungelo isakhamuzi

Umbuzo kanjani umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kulawulwa ezihlukahlukene imithetho kahulumeni waseRussia. Yini amalungelo akusho isakhamuzi, umhlangano umhlalaphansi ngasekuqaleni kuka kulungile?

Isakhamuzi uyakwazi ukuthi zifune kusuka kumqashi yabo yonke imibhalo edingekayo adingekayo ukudluliswa enkabeni umsebenzi, noma RF Sempesheni esibhalisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqashi ibhizinisi kumele uqinisekise obuphelele okukhethekile of ebusweni ukusebenza. Uma umqashi ngasizathu simbe ingakwenzi lokho, khona-ke lo msebenzi wabelwa ezifanele isimo ejensi.

Uma isisebenzi uzothola impesheni umshwalense isitifiketi, lonke ulwazi mayelana "ukunyakaza" kuyokwenza acabangele Russian Sempesheni esibhalisiwe.

Kufanele futhi kuholele ekutheni ifomula yakudala kubalwa umhlalaphansi singakashayi isikhathi:

SP = PC * C * K * K * EF

lapha:

• PV - lokukhokha eziyisisekelo;
• C - izindleko isici ngesikhathi umhlalaphansi;
• PC - kuba isamba wathola uhlobo impesheni izici;
• K - Inkomba improver ukuze PV.

Ukulondoloza esifanele aphoyintimenti ekuseni yempesheni zabasebenzi unawo wonke abantu kahle ngikhiphé amaphepha ayedingeka kuSikhungo Umsebenzi Sempesheni esibhalisiwe.

Ukuncishiswa noma ukuqedwa ibhizinisi

Lutho neze ezingavamile, kunezimo lapho umsebenzi eduze umhlalaphansi ngokuzumayo ephelelwa umsebenzi wakhe. Isizathu sokuba ukuxoshwa kungenzeka ukusikeka omkhulu e inhlangano, ukuqedwa imisebenzi, nokunye okuningi. Yiqiniso, cishe akukho inhlangano inesifiso ukusithatha umsebenzi womuntu okuye impela kancane isikhathi kuze kuba uthatha umhlalaphansi. Isimo, mangisho, kungelula kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile bayayithola yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba. Noma kunjalo, ethanda "ukuqedela" umsebenzi wakho isipiliyoni kanye amathuba salokhu bengekho. Okufanele ukwenze ezimweni ezinjalo? Lapha nje zibuze umbuzo kanjani ukuthatha umhlalaphansi. Into yokuqala okumele uyenze - kuyinto ukuhlola ukusebenza yabo ephethe inkokhelo edingekayo ngaphambi kwesikhathi, qhathanisa esidlule nge izimo zokusebenza ezidingekayo "harmfulness". Uneminyaka emingaki ukuthatha umhlalaphansi? Njengoba kuye kwashiwo, amadoda akufanele kube khona esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka 58, futhi abesifazane - okungenani iminyaka engu-53. Kumele kuhlangatshezwene nakho futhi kwale mibandela elandelayo:

• ukuxoshwa yayisekelwe kuphela ngesizathu kwabasebenzi zincishiswe noma ukuqedwa yokusebenza (isifiso siqu futhi amarekhodi yezokwelapha akufakiwe);
• khona ngesikhathi esithile (engu-25 ngoba amadoda iminyaka engu-20 abesifazane);
• isakhamuzi isezingeni isevisi umsebenzi;
• ngesikhathi zabasebenzi bashintshisane akukho izikhala ezifanele.

Uma izakhamuzi babe amaphutha oholele ekunqanyulweni kwe nezinzuzo zezenhlalo, akufanele kulindeleke, futhi umhlalaphansi.

Abakwazi senqabe?

Kaningi, Umsebenzi Centre kanye Pension Fund Russia Abavunyelwe ukuba izakhamuzi ekuklanyweni umhlalaphansi. Ngenxa yalokho, amazwe enze izicelo kufanele zisebenze kwamakhotho kanye anqume asevele ekhona. Yiqiniso, lezi zibonelo zibonisa izinga abanelisi yokuvikela isimo amalungelo ezakhamizi ukuthola impesheni. Nokho kufanele kuholele kwezimbangela eziyinhloko ukuhluleka sokuthatha umhlalaphansi singakashayi isikhathi. Lapha udinga ukukhetha:

• ukuntuleka amalungelo isakhamuzi ngenxa yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ekuseni (isakhamuzi akanayo isikhathi esanele noma ukhohlwe ukufunda, umhlalaphansi bangaki iminyaka);
• ukuqedwa ngokuphelele lenhlangano lapho umsebenzi esebenza;
• ukungabikho iphakethe egcwele imibhalo (noma ingxenye yalo) eqinisekisa ilungelo izinzuzo umhlalaphansi ezifana;
• umsebenzi okunye yizinkokhelo ezifanele wanikelwa isikhungo umsebenzi;
• Okufayela PF noma CH asenza lapho ephumula abangasebenzi izabelo;
• namarhubhelo wokungasebenzi zivela endaweni yangaphambili umsebenzi;
• izikhulu CZ PF noma ngendlela engafanele.

Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma kulezi zenzakalo sinqatshiwe? Indlela umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi ebesibekiwe kumnyama noma kubomvu? Yinye kuphela indlela yokuphuma - ukusebenzisa egunyeni eliphakeme. Esikhathini esifanayo Pension Fund ekhishwe isikhalazo; kubalulekile ukwenza wonke amaphepha adingekayo. Isikhalazo ezocatshangelwa ingakapheli nenyanga. Uma zokwenqaba eza futhi, okukhiphayo lapha kungaba eyodwa kuphela: ukuze zisebenze izinkantolo yomthetho jikelele. Uzodinga ukudala i icala zokuphatha inselele nokwenqaba.

Imininingwane yempesheni

Ngokuqondene abasebenzi, futhi izakhamuzi abangasebenzi enikeziwe ezinye izici yokubhalisa impesheni. Ukusebenza isakhamuzi kufanele ukhumbule lokhu okulandelayo:

• umqashi ukuba ikhokhe imali severance ngokuba isikhathi esiyizinyanga ezimbili;
• izinkokhelo emsebenzini odlule kuyobe kungasekho khona, uma isakhamuzi izoba sokubhaliswa njengomsebenzi abangasebenzi.

izakhamuzi Akaqashiwe futhi kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi ubude egcwele isevisi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba athole uxhaso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unyaka ngamunye wasebenza phezu ubude yesevisi, entitling nokukhuliswa ekuphakelweni kwesive amasonto amabili. Nokho, uma isakhamuzi iba usomabhizinisi ngamunye noma inhlangano esemthethweni, bathola izinzuzo umhlalaphansi inqanyulwa ngaphambi aphetha le isimo.