Imodeli Solow ukukhula: umqondo, umsebenzi

nokukhula komnotho wamukelekile wonke umuntu. Phela, kusho ukuthi ukunikeza ababelokhu banda baba nezidingo ezithile. Kunezindlela eziningi ukuqagela ukuthi nokuthi kuzokwenzekani. Njengoba isibonelo, Solow-Swan. Ukuze unombono kanjani futhi kwenzekani unesiqiniseko apharathasi zezibalo. Njengoba isibonelo, eziningi neoclassical imodeli ukukhula.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Ngqo imodeli kwezomnotho ukukhula Solow alethwe Onjiniyela yawo Prize kaNobel. Lokhu akusona isimanga - ngoba manje sizoxoxa umsebenzi eliyisisekelo, okuyinto lakhiwe phezu minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule (eminyakeni 1950-1969). Kungani udinga khona? Ngenxa yokuthi sinawo imodeli sokukhula komnotho Solow, kungenzeka ukuhlola izinto ezahlukene ongazikhetha inqubomgomo kwezomnotho isimo, kanye ithinta indlela lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila sabantu. Lokhu kungasetshenziswa ukubikezela kangakanani komkhiqizo adalwe abantu uqede manje, oyosindiswa lekusasa. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba imali - kungcono investimenti. Yizo ezinquma inani capital okuzokwenziwa etholakala emnothweni esikhathini esizayo. imodeli Solow ukukhula libonisa kokubili umthamo zokukhiqiza ehlaselwe ukukhula angisebenzi, inhlokodolobha isitokwe nobuchwepheshe ngcono. Futhi kusukela kule kakade incike ukwanda nengeniso isikhathi kazwelonke. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ngale ndaba futhi uhambise ulwazi oluphelele, thina kuzoxoxwa parallel izici eziningana ezithakazelisayo, ezifana imodeli Harrod-Domar.

ukunqwabelana inhlokodolobha

I Solow imodeli ukukhula lesi sici kunikezwa ukunakwa okukhulu. It is eyakhelwe kusukela kwesisekelo zakudala yokudala yakhoibrium emakethe lapho kufunwe imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa lapho abathengi kanye zimali. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwenza imikhiqizo iya ukusetshenziswa kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali. Manje ake sebenzisa amafomula apharathasi zezibalo. Ngakho, umsebenzi ukusetshenziswa has a ifomula elula: (1-NN) * D. Lapha, NA - izinga lokonga, D - engenayo. Ifomula kakhulu esifanayo sibonisa ukuthi singakanani uyaqhubeka ukusetshenziswa, futhi ibonisa iphesenti esitokisini. A ezingaba - kuba utshalomali mali ukwesekwa. Ingxenye yalo isamba, okuyinto walondoloza esikhathini esizayo ezizosekela kuncike ezikhathini ezinzima. Izibalo, lokhu zingachazwa (futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo enwetshiwe) esebenzisa akhawunti kazwelonke (nathi). Khona-ke ifomula yethu kungaba: (1-NA) * I kithi. + Uma wenze ushintsho oluncane ke sizoba Sikazwelonke * D. Akucaci ukuthi iphuke kanjani? Akunandaba manje nazo ke. Iphuzu lapha yilesi: ukutshalwa -, njengomhubi ukusetshenziswa, wakhona engenayo. Ezimweni bakuphi ilingana nenani ukonga, isilinganiso sabo likhombisa inani lomkhiqizo ngokuthi yayihloselwe dolobha uma utshala imali.

ushintsho umbono

Manje cabanga imodeli Solow njengoba umsebenzi zokukhiqiza kanye ukusetshenziswa. Nge onjalo isikhundla kungaba indlela kohlaziyo ukuba baqonde indlela ekuqongeleleni dolobha kuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezomnotho kwalelo zwe. Inani layo Imininingwane emkhakheni nezomnotho kuleli zwe siyashintsha ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili:

1. Itshala imali futhi kwandisa umthamo yayo.
2. Ingxenye dolobha liyashona noma yehliswa, okuyinto kunomthelela ongemuhle ngokubaluleka kwazo.

Ukuhlaziya esifanayo njengoba kokushintsha inani capital olufanele ukuze anakekele ukuthi izici ezikhonjwe ezithinta ukubaluleka izimali kanye amortization. Ukuze uthole ubukhulu Inkomba umsebenzi ngamunye, yethu siyihlele ngokwezidingo zethu ifomula yethu kancane, ufaka umsebenzi zokukhiqiza, elibonisa Usayizi utshalomali isisebenzi ngasinye by dolobha-usayizi: NA * PF. Lokhu ifomula kusitshela? Ayanda isilinganiso inhlokodolobha-labour, aba maningi ivolumu zokukhiqiza kanye utshalomali. Xoxa ngakho nezinye imodeli Keynesian sokukhula komnotho. Futhi kulokhu kubaluleke kakhulu futhi inhloko-dolobha ukukhiqiza isilinganiso. Phela, itawusetjentiswa, futhi imishini ezimbonini kwekhulu elidlule, kodwa ... Akukhona ngempumelelo ngokwanele ukuba baphumelele.

amortization

Esisondela idatha ekhona ngokoqobo. Futhi lokhu kudingeka acabangele kwentengo. Ucabange ukuthi isilinganiso dolobha yempilo uneminyaka engu-25, kanye nokulahlwa iziqondiso (NV) - ezinhlanu ngonyaka per cent. Njengoba isinqumo ukulahlekelwa ezaziwayo, ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe ukuthi zingabantu isikhathi offset njengoba ukulahlwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ifomula libukeka kanje: Futhi eMhlabeni Crust = - HB. Ibaluleke ngani zokugcina ukuthi kakade. Umhlaba Crust - ushintsho isitokwe dolobha, futhi mina - utshalomali. Kulula, angithi? Uma ugxila kulokho esesiyenzile kakade, lokhu ifomula ke zingaguqulwa kanje: Zomhlaba Uqweqwe = NA * D - NV.

uphenyo

Esikhulu enhlokodolobha isilinganiso, ayanda enkulu inani lotshalo mali futhi ukukhiqizwa kulesi sibalo oyedwa umsebenzi. Nge lesi silinganiso kanyekanye kwandisa kanye nokulahlwa. Eliphezulu isimo esitebeleni ncamashi ukulinganisela iphuzu contact. Uma isihloko umnotho eba, aba maningi utshalomali, ne yokujama tsi waphawula outflow. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iyiphi lomnotfo isikhundla ezinzile, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu inhlokodolobha kokuqala. Ukuze imodeli sokukhula komnotho Solow isici yikhono ukuhlola indlela ukuthuthukiswa.

isicelo Isibonelo

Ake unake esedlule komnotho womhlaba. Izinhloso eJalimane futhi Japan kithi. Ngo-1945, base yezincithakalo, mayelana 60% izimpahla zabo fixed ubhujiswe. Manje ziphakathi emazweni amaningi athuthukile. Kwezinye izindawo nokuthathe kwenza izinga lokhula komnotho kudlulwe e isibalo izikhathi. imodeli Neoclassical ukukhula, kuhlanganise Solow, ucabangela nezikhundla zabo zokuba zabagula isimo esitebeleni. It lehla ngokuphawulekayo ezingeni zokukhiqiza, kodwa ngenxa izinga lokonga okusezingeni eliphezulu e GNP (okuyinto liyalondolozwa eminyakeni eyedlule), lezi iminotho bakwazi ukubonisa izinga emangalisayo ukwanda. Futhi kusukela ongaphakeme inhlokodolobha-mali kuze kube idlule ubukhulu ekhona umhlalaphansi, waba eliphezulu lomnotho. Phela, ekuqaleni ngenqaba ivolumu ukukhiqizwa, wabe eseqala utshalomali boom. Lapha kuthonywa nekusisa. Abantu abaningi babhekisela eminyakeni lokho kwenzeka eJalimane naseJapane, isimangaliso kwezomnotho. Kodwa uma ubheka ngasohlangothini imodeli Solow, wayeyoba kulindeleke. Kwenzeka into ethi ayifane ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union ngemva kokuwa yayo. Nokho, asikwazi ukuthi ukonga kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali, sinalo ncamashi nomphumela ofanayo.

Futhi emazweni yesimanje asethuthukile?

Ake sithi ube umnotho kazwelonke okungukuthi, isesimweni esigculisayo. Uqala ukuthuthukisa ngesilinganiso ukonga futhi alondoloza HC1 K1 dolobha. Khona-ke HC1 HC2 esakhula. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona shift jikelele emnothweni. Futhi ngeke isinxephezelo Shootout eliqhubeka likhula. Capital uzobe kancane kancane kuze kube yilapho, aze afinyelele isimo K2, kulinganisa umnotho. Futhi izosebenza ngendlela ezinzile, ngesikhathi ukukhula ngeke kwenzeke kuze NC2 NC3. Solow uveza ukuthi izinga lokonga - a determinant ayisihluthulelo ukwanda esimeme ukubaluleka sokutshalwa. Ezinye izinto ukuba alingane inikeza inzuzo enkulu ngaphansi kwethonya ezimakethe zomhlaba. Phela, sibonga izinga lokonga is nekwandzisa umtsamo ukutshalwa kwezimali, kulandele ezingeni zokukhiqiza - nezinzuzo (funda - izidingo). Ngenxa yalokhu, emazweni abe abalulekile kwehla kwemali lengenako kanye eliphakeme weSigungu Sikazwelonke, kunetinhlobo temazinga okusezingeni eliphezulu lokukhula komnotho. Futhi uyaqhubeka ukufinyelela isimo izinze.

ukwanda kwenani labantu

Ngiyavuma - imodeli Keynesian sokukhula komnotho isithakazelo ngokwanele, nokuvivinya Robert Solow wakwazi ukwakha eliphezulu kakhulu izinga ikhadi lebhizinisi. Kodwa akugcini lapho. Phela, kukhona ukukhula njalo kwezomnotho, amandla nezinto zethu esingazisebenzisa ukugcina zonke emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yalesi kufanele ihlanganise enye inkomba - ukukhula sabantu. Kubathinta kanjani-ke? Asikhumbule: investimenti kwandisa outflow dolobha - kunciphisa. Population ukukhula futhi kuholela ukuncipha sokutshalwa kwezimali ezinkulu isisebenzi ngasinye. Kuyinto into eyodwa - nalapho umuntu ukuba umshini, kuhlukile - lapho eyedwa abasebenzi abambalwa. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunikeza incazelo engaqondile kanye kungani amazwe ompofu ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi yokuthi ayakhula ngokushesha kakhulu (kuleli cala libhekisela e-Afrika, Asia le South yeMelika). Futhi ngenkathi ukwanda labantu, ama-discovery amasha yesayensi zenziwa, okuqhubekayo ukukhula komnotho - kuba isiphetho.

kweminye imihlobo

Khumbula, ngaphambili wathembisa ukucabangela ezinye apharathasi zezibalo? Futhi manje sicabanga umfuziselo Harrod-Domar. engavamile zayo ukuthi yethulwa futhi izithombe ukushesha. Kwasebenza njengesibonakaliso platform kuyiphi, kamuva, imodeli Solow lakhiwe. engavamile yayo wukuthi kuba olulodwa-factor. Ngakho, kukholakala ukuthi ukukhula komnotho wedwa kwanele ukusebenza okuqukethwe kuyinsakavukela. Njengengxenye imodeli Harrod-Domar zathathwa amafomula ezivumela ukubala okuthiwa amazinga yibhange sokukhula komnotho. Uma noma yimuphi ngeziphambeko kukholakala ukuthi basola izizathu ezuziwe. Ngemva kwalokho, ngaphansi kwengcindezi ukugxeka ngenxa ukuvela esibonelweni esiphelele ngaphezulu Solow yena ilahliwe ngenxa amaphutha okungapheleli kwabo.

isiphetho

Ngakho sabuka kuyini imodeli. Ngenxa ngesisekelo theory Ungaqonda ukuthi baya kuphi ukuze uthole umnotho kwenzakala winner - udinga ukwandisa ukukhula imali.