Spaceports zomhlaba (uhlu). I spaceport lokuqala

Ngokomlando isintu sonke isikhathi wayethembela esibhakabhakeni futhi wayenesithakazelo kwemitimba yabohulumende wasezulwini. Kukhona nganekwane okuthiwa abantu bokuqala wahambela isikhala kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kodwa idokhumenti neze baqinisekisa. Kodwa izwe liye lakuthola ukumangala nenjabulo lapho ngo-1961, isikhulu Soviet Yuri Gagarin balihamba isikhala ngaphambi kokubuyela Earth.

I kokuqala mkhathi Soviet wayevela luhlobo imfihlo ngokuthi le Baikonur Cosmodrome. Kulesi sihloko, sizokhuluma ungacabangi nje kuphela ngokuthi ngokuthi pad qalisa, kodwa futhi nakwezinye izindawo ezibalulekile.

iphayona

"Ucwaningo Nihlola Ground" - okungukuthi igama kwenziwe iphrojekthi, evunywe Jikelele Abasebenzi eMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-USSR ngo-1955. Kamuva le ndawo yaziwa ngokuthi Baikonur cosmodrome.

Lokhu into itholakala eKyzylorda Oblast eKazakhstan, eduze nedolobhana Toretam. indawo mayelana 6717 sq. km. Futhi kuba yiminyaka eminingi spaceport wokuqala emhlabeni ubhekwa omunye abaholi embonini kunombolo siqala. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2015, naye bafakwa orbit 18 ezicitshwayo. Ngokuthi phansi ukuze kuqaliswe uhlelo isikhala ukuqalisa kusukela Kazakhstan yaqashiswa-Russia kuze 2050. Ukuze usebenze luhlobo wachitha cishe ezingu-6 ruble Russian ngonyaka.

Izinga ekusithekeni

Zonke spaceports zomhlaba - inkanyezi esikhumulweni semikhumbi, okuyinto ivikelwe kahle bese Baikonur kulokhu - iyathinteka.

Ngakho, ukwakhiwa port yangaphandle ubephelezelwa ukwakhiwa zamanga Baikonur Cosmodrome eduze nedolobhana. Leli qhinga yasetshenziselwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, lapho airfields lempi ezakhiwa nge imiklamo dummy zamanga.

Ngqo wokwakha ukwakhiwa cosmodrome Ibutho amasosha nezikhulu. Kafushane, benza feat yangempela zomsebenzi, ngoba ingakha pad qalisa iminyaka emibili.

Izinkinga namuhla

Namuhla, i-Baikonur edume kwafika izikhathi esikhundleni nzima. Ukuqala inkinga kungaba kubhekwe ku 2009, lapho washiya ebusosheni, futhi into idluliswa ngokuphelele ngaphansi ethile ye-Federal Space Agency. Futhi zonke ngoba, kanye spaceport lempi elahlekile futhi ngempela imali sina lemali esake abelwe ukuqeqeshwa nokuhlolwa.

Yiqiniso, ama-missile kwethulwa iziphuphutheki futhi kuletha imali, kodwa kulezizinsuku lokhu akwenzelwa kaningi njengoba esetshenziswa, lapho rocket wakhumula cishe masonto onke. Noma kunjalo, spaceport namanje waqaphela njengoba umholi wezwe isikhala ukuqalisa.

giant Russian

Nokho, icabangela amasayithi kwethulwa zomhlaba, kungaba okungalungile yini ukuba banake ezinye izinto ezifanayo, omunye esemgwaqweni ensimini ka WaseRussia. amakhono obuchwepheshe kanye atshalwe ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa imali yayo umvumele ukusebenzisa futhi sibonise sebuningini iziphuphutheki kanye iziteshi isikhala Umhlaba orbit.

Plesetsk Cosmodrome - Russian isikhala itheku, elise 180 km kusuka Arkhangelsk. Into Usayizi kulingana 176.200 amahektha.

Plesetsk cosmodrome empeleni yayo kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe ekhethekile, okuyinto yakhelwe kokubili imisebenzi yezempi kanye izinjongo zokuthula.

Ukwakheka cosmodrome kuhlanganisa izindawo eziningi:

1. Izakhiwo for kwethulwa yenethiwekhi rocket.
2. Izakhiwo (ukunikeza uqeqesho rocket nezinye izimoto isikhala).
3. Ukugcwalisa-esiteshini neutralization multi-functional. C likhokhelwa nge booster yayo, booster.
4. izakhiwo Cishe 1,500 kanye nezinhlaka zawo.
5. 237 izinto ukuhlinzeka bonke amandla cosmodrome.

ebaleni lokudlala Far

Omunye spaceport entsha eRussia East, esemgwaqweni eduze nedolobha Tsiolkovsky e lase-Amur esifundeni (Ekude). I-harbor isetshenziselwa kuphela izinjongo zomphakathi kunokuba aye empini.

Ukwakhiwa kwehlelo luhlobo iqala ngo-2012 futhi ngenkuthalo ephelezelwa inkohlakalo amahlazo ehlukahlukene iziteleka lezisebenzi ngenxa yokungakhokhi amaholo.

I kokuqala kusukela Baikonur East senzeka esanda kutholakala - April 28, 2016. Qala uvunyelwe ukuba ubeke ku-orbit iziphuphutheki ezintathu yokufakelwa. Kulokhu, ngaleso indawo ngesikhathi uqalisa abathwali wayekhona mathupha uMongameli Russian uVladimir Putin, futhi Russian Isekela uNdunankulu Dmitry Rogozin futhi inhloko yabangamashumi ezibiyele ekuphathweni Sergei Ivanov.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwethulwa yimpumelelo kusukela Baikonur East kwenziwa kuphela ngesikhathi umzamo wesibili. Ekuqaleni kwakuhlelwe kwethulwa imoto "Soyuz 2.1A" ukuqala April 27, kodwa umzuzu nje nengxenye ngaphambi kokuqala othomathikhi usikhanselile. Umhlahlandlela Roscosmos wachaza lesi sigameko ukwehluleka ngephutha ohlelweni control, okuholela ukwethulwa lahlehlela ngosuku.

Uhlu main ukuqaliswa amasayithi planethi

Manje ekhona kwethulwa amasayithi zomhlaba zibalwa ngokwendlela usuku yethulwa okokuqala esemkhathini (noma umzamo), kanye nenani yimpumelelo ekuqaleni abantu abadala kanye nokuhluleka. Zibhaleni phansi manje libukeka kanje:

1. Baikonur.
2. Base-United States Air Force eCape Canaveral.
3. Vandenberg (United States).
4. Wallops.
5. Kapustin Yar (Russia).
6. Hammaguir (France).
7. Plesetsk (Russia).
8. Utinoura (Japan).
9. San Marco (Italy).
10. Kennedy Space Centre (United States).
11. Woomera (e-Australia).
12. Kuru (France, i-European Space Agency).
13. Jiuquan (China).
14. Tanegashima (Japan).
15. Satish Dhawan Space Centre (India).
16. Xichang (China).
17. Taiyuan (China).
18. Palmachim (Israyeli).
19. Al-Anbar (Iraq).
20. Mahhala (Russia).
21. Alcantara (Brazil).
22. Musudan (North Korea).
23. "Sea Launch" (Russia, e-USA, Norway, Ukraine).
24. Kodiak (United States).
25. Reagan Test Site (USA).
26. Semnan (i-Iran).
27. Naro (South Korea).

Umholi American

Cape Canaveral (USA) esetshenziswa ngamasosha kusukela ngo-1949. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ukuthi onjiniyela ibutho liqala ucwaningo zabo by sethula ezicitshwayo uhla olude. indawo aqanjwe abakhethiwe ngephutha, ngoba spaceport itholakala eduze kakhulu nenkabazwe, futhi lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise amandla Ukujikeleza komhlaba wethu ngokuba ukusheshisa rocket. Ngo-1957, uhulumeni wanquma ukuzinika ukuqalisa satellite okuthiwa Vanguard TV3. Ngeshwa, umzamo akuphumelelanga (rocket yamila).

Kakade kusukela ngo-1958, uqala ezicitshwayo owayezohola ejensi isikhala NASA. Nokho, sikhatsi lesihlelekile kwethulwa isayithi namanje esethulweni US Department of Defence. Isikhala Harbor siqukethe 38 amasayithi yokuqalisa, 4 esebenza.

French isikhala avant-garde

Guiana Space Centre, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi naseKourou spaceport (French Guiana), imi enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Into yayakhiwe Atlantic coast eliphakathi kwale mizi emibili: Sinnamary futhi naseKourou. Baikonur itholakala ukusebenza ahlangene-European Space Agency ne-National Center for Space Studies.

Le ndawo siqala okokuqala wathumela rocket emkhathini Apreli 9, 1968. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi Ukwethulwa kwesayithi itholakala amakhilomitha nje anamakhulu mahlanu kusukela umugqa bhé ephakamisa ukusebenzisa izindiza ku uzungeza emzileni geostationary Earth wethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhundla ezindawo port ongaphandle siyisifiso yokuthi engela isiqalo njalo ulingana 102 degrees, kodwa lesi sibalo kakhulu yelula uhla trajectories iqala izinto ezisetshenziselwa imisebenzi ehlukene.

Ukuphumelela pad qalisa kuphezulu kangangokuba yabakhanga amaklayenti eziningi ezinkampani ezivela emazweni amaningi: USA, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, Azerbaijan.

Ngo-2015, i-European Space Agency isitshale imali engaphezulu € 1.6 billion sesimanje ingqalasizinda ye cosmodrome. Futhi, ukunaka ezikhethekile ufanelwe eliphakeme ukuphepha sikhungo. Isikhala Harbor itholakala endaweni ukuthi ezinabantu embozwe imvula enkabazwe. Kulo mnyango ezigqagqene uqobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho ingozi ngisho ukuzamazama komhlaba umpofu noma iziphepho. Ukuze uvikeleke esiphezulu ekuhlaselweni yangaphandle phezu spaceport elise 3rd Regiment ka Legion Foreign (France).

project ngokuhlanganyela

Qalisa platform "Odyssey" okungukuthi, eqinisweni, omkhulu, isikebhe self ezinezinjini semi ngwenya. Lesi sikhungo lakhiwa Norway esekelwe sokumba uwoyela. Ukwakheka spaceport mobile echazwe zihlanganisa:

• yokuqalisa pad;
• ukuqalisa isifaki;
• fuel uhlelo ukugcwaliswa umenzeli oxidizing;
• isilawuli lokushisa uhlelo;
• ukuhlinzeka uhlelo nitrogen;
• ikhebula-mast.

Maritime isikhala ukusungula nezabasebenzi inani abantu abangu-68. Kubo, zokuhlala zakhelwe, isikhungo wezokwelapha kanye endaweni yokudlela.

platform Isekelwe ethekwini Long Beach, California (USA Southwest). Kulesi esikhundleni dislocation unomphela giant zezimboni isikhala umkhakha yabo sasesifikile ngaphansi kwamandla ayo, owenza indlela yakhe ngokusebenzisa Strait of Gibraltar, Suez Canal futhi Singapore.

isiphetho

Ekugcineni Ngithanda wazi ukuthi konke spaceports ekhona emhlabeni namuhla uvumele umusa ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa futhi uhlole isikhala. Nge amasayithi amadivayisi ukususwa ku-orbit eMhlabeni wenziwa imisebenzi ezihlukahlukene izindawo ezisetshenziswa umphakathi nezempi.