Izindaba UmphakathiUmnotho

Game umhlaziyi Dzhon Nesh

Dzhon Nesh liye laziwa kabanzi kuyo yonke sibonga wonke ukuba movie "idiski engaba eyohlaloningi." Kuyinto Akumangazi ethinta inhliziyo, icala ukholo emandleni okuhlenga genius womuntu, movie ukuphila-evuma. Lokhu biopic, ifilimu ukushaqeka ifilimu-ukutholakala. Sethula umbukeli ezweni esikhathini esizayo, lapho ingqondo izimangaliso. interweaving ohlolayo madness futhi ungungqondongqondo ngobunye bayo futhi kudingeke zilwe. Collection "Oscars" - baloku. Okudalwe yilo sezibalo, umdlalo mbono uye ibheke phansi izisekelo ibhizinisi yenkampani. Amakhasi 27 zobudokotela mqondo Nash ibe nethonya elinjalo ku emphakathini kanye nakwezomnotho, njengoba 21 ikhasi mqondo zobudokotela ze-physics Einstein theory.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela u-Adam Smith, okuyinto ngokuvamile kulandela ukuthuthukiswa ovulekile esakhiweni somphakathi wonxiwankulu, uma kuqhathaniswa indlela ihlola Dzhon Nesh, ubukeka okhanyayo, hhayi enikeza incazelo ecacile imihlola eziningi wesimanje. Incazelo eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ngenhla zihlobene ngendlela efanayo njengoba geometry mgudumbili kuphela isethi engezansi ngakuthathu.

Ukuqalwa

UJohn wazalelwa ku 13.06.1928, e Bluefield (West Virginia). Lesi sikole siye saba hhayi "nerd", wafundiswa ophansi. Ngokusho umlingisi - enolaka, zobugovu.

Cabanga sezibalo esizayo (geometry umehluko futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela imidlalo) akakuthandanga esikoleni isihloko. Kulesi sigaba, konke kwaba naphakathi osolisayo. Njengoba uma nengqondo yakhe babelala wamelela push. Futhi namanje wafika.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-14, ingane wawela ezandleni yencwadi "Abadali wezibalo" ka compatriot yakhe u-Erika Bella, sezibalo kumbhali yesayensi. Le ncwadi evumelana kakhulu uchaza ukuphila we zezibalo olukhulu ugqozi lwabo futhi umnikelo ukuba bathuthuke.

Kwenzekani lapho ufunda izincwadi? Kwazi bani ... kodwa kwakunjani yokuqalisa, ngemva kwalokho kulo umfundi "grey" Ngokwesilinganiso kakhulu Dzhon Nesh ithatha kungenzeki ngokuzumayo kwabanye kufakazela theorem Fermat encane. the yokugcina isimo ongelutho usitshela okuncane kakhulu. Kodwa kholwa kimi, Kwakusimangaza. Kwaba namuphi ungafaniswa? Mhlawumbe kunjalo, sengathi yesifundazwe amateur umlingisi ikhushuliwe kunjalo, futhi mkhulu ukudlala Hamlet-dolobha.

Polytechnic Institute

Uyise (indodana kabili igama lakhe) wayeyindoda abafundile, wasebenza wobunjiniyela electronics e inkampani kwezohwebo. Umzali emva ubufakazi Theorem Fermat sika Kugcine Kwakusobala ukuthi Dzhon Nesh, Jr. iyoba usosayensi othile.

Olunye ucwaningo brilliant avulekele impela umnyango umfana e kahle ehlonishwayo Polytechnic Institute, Carnegie, lapho insizwa kuqala wakhetha i-chemistry, bese emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba kanti ekugcineni umise ngokwaso ku isifiso sokuba yisithunywa sezibalo. Wathola iziqu ze-bachelor noma i degree master, uhambisane okukhethekile "Mathematics theory kanye osetshenziswayo".

Ukuze ufunde indlela bayakwazisa bakhe abafundisi sikhungo, kusho izincomo ezikhishwa uthisha Richard Duffin for yokwemukela Princeton University. Nansi umbhalo okugcwele izwi nezwi: "Lo muntu - genius"

Princeton University

Futhi okwamanje sibonga hhayi izincomo, neluhlolo lolungenamaphutsa lidlule wangena University of Dzhon Nesh. Biography ngakho ngenkathi kudalwa umqondo wokuthi ngempela ikusasa led. Indlela kwabonakaliswa ngazo?

Kuye ngalokho akazi wayeneminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela ngaphambi Ngakolunye uhlangothi lapho nobuhlanya iminyaka engamashumi amathathu kuzovala indwangu yayo emnyama bayasangana Paranoid nezwe, ke unqamula aphume umphakathi, ubhidliza imikhaya, ekuqedeni imisebenzi kanye namakhaya.

Abantu abasha nje abazi kanjani futhi engazi ukuthi lapho umugqa omncane ehlukanisa ubuhlakani nobuhlanya. Yena ngentshiseko wabingelela isethulo kwesayensi entsha umhlinzeki womhlalo, brainchild zezomnotho Morgenstern noJohane von Neumann, wathatha masinyane le umcondvo siyachithwa ngokuphuthuma. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili-buchopho wakwazi ngokuzimela ukuthuthukisa amathuluzi eyisisekelo umhlinzeki womhlalo, futhi ineminyaka engu-21 usekuphothulile umsebenzi ohambelana mqondo zobudokotela.

Lapho udokotela osemncane kwakucishe isayensi ukwazi ukuthi emva kweminyaka 45 imfundiso yokuziphendukela Dzhona Nesha uMklomelo KaNobel zizohlolwa? The Inkampani uzodinga cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka ukuqaphela ukuthi kwaba intuthuko!

umsebenzi

Ekuseni kakhulu kule minyaka 1950-1953., At usosayensi engu-22-25 ubudala iqala isikhathi ukuvuthwa zokudala. Wabhala imisebenzi eziningana ezibalulekile theory lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi imidlalo nge isamba nonzero. Kuyini lokhu? Phawula uzothola kamuva kulesi sihloko.

Dzhon Nesh - sezibalo esidumile futhi kuphumelele. indawo yakhe lomsebenzi ohlonishwa kakhulu eMassachusetts Institute of Technology, elise Cambridge. Wabe uyamamatheka inhlanhla: loxhumana ne-RAND Corporation propentagonovskoy. He phanga nga yini uxhaso angenamkhawulo iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ekubeni omunye ehola ochwepheshe American azishiyele yayo.

Kuyini umhlinzeki womhlalo

Iqhaza umhlinzeki womhlalo kumtheshwana wenqubo owayephila ngesikhathi umphakathi kunzima overestimate. Kuyini umphakathi ngokuya Macroeconomics? Ukuxhumana yabadlali abaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ibhizinisi aggregate, uhulumeni, amakhaya. Ngisho kulelizinga Macro, kuyacaca ukuthi ngamunye wabo olandela amasu ayo.

Ibhizinisi engase bayichezukisa yokugcizelela inzuzo yabo (amakhaya utesnyaya) futhi ukunciphisa intela (underpaying State).

State kunenzuzo ukuze kufuthwe izintela (abacindezela kwamabhizinisi amancane) kanye namazinga aphansi zokuvikeleka komphakathi (ihluba ukwesekwa zingxenye ezingavikelekile emphakathini).

Imindeni ukhululekile eqolo ukwesekwa zomphakathi ezivela isimo futhi amanani ubuncane yezimpahla nezinkonzo yibhizinisi.

Ungathola kanjani lezi Swan, Umdlavuza futhi Pike ndawonye ngamandla udonse inqola, igama okuyinto - inkampani? Kuchaza umhlinzeki womhlalo.

Brainchild of Dzhona Nesha - inkinga nge sum-non-zero

Ikilasi ngenhla yezinkinga lapho inzuzo ngenye inhlangano ulahlekelwa omunye, ngokuthi inkinga a-sum zero. It wayazi indlela yokubala futhi Morgenstern futhi von Neumann. Nokho, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi salokhu ikilasi zezinkinga idale amathuluzi apharathasi nekutfutfuka kwelizinga Dzhon Nesh.

Kodwa sezibalo ekuphenduleni lo imodeli akuyona wayeka, okuye kwaba imisebenzi obucayi xaxa nekilasi (zero-sum). Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphathwa ukungqubuzana nezinyunyana, ukwenza okufunwa ukukhulisa amaholo.

Sibhebhetheka isimo ngumuntu isiteleka eside, zombili ngeke zilimale. Uma usebenzisa njengoba izinyunyana kanye nokuphathwa, isu ekahle, nalabo nabanye bazosala win. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi yakhoibrium non-wokubambisana noma Nash zilingana. (Lolu hlobo lokuthonya zinkinga nezindaba zamanxusa, izimpi ukuhweba.)

umphakathi wanamuhla yokuncintisana ubonisa ezihlukahlukene elingapheli ngempela kokusebenzisana abadlali ezahlukene. Futhi cishe bonke of them amenable ukuba izingabunjalo njengoba inkinga nge-non-zero isamba.

ukuphila Siqu

Kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwawo-50 esizayo owathola uMklomelo KaNobel Dzhon Nesh akhwela isitebhisi zezemfundo, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kuzuba izinyathelo ezintathu. Uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka kwakungebona abantu abangavamile kuye. Coldly futhi sakubhuqa Wamphatha wamthanda uzakwabo eMIT Eleanor Stier. Hhayi Wayithinta ukuthi wamzalela ingane. Wamane engamqapheli ubuyise yakhe. Phela, akekho iqembu salezo zikhulu Nash babengenalo abangane. Wayengumuntu ome njengeqanda futhi ongaziwa, wayephila ezweni kusungulwe amafomula afanayo ukuphi. Zonke ukunakwa wakhe sanikezelwa into eyodwa - ukuthuthukisa isu ekahle.

Akubuzwa, bachuma ehola technologist Lezingu Ezibandayo neMpi, amathathu Dzhon Nesh. Mbone kulezi iminyaka kuyafana isithombe umlingisi ababedlala naye Rassela Krou. Brunette nge ubuso ezihlakaniphile ukubukeka Cabangisisa. Fortune Magazine ubikezela inkazimulo yakhe nodumo. Ngo-February 1957, washada Alicia lard, banayo iminyaka emibili indodana wabonakaliswa Martin. Nokho, lokhu kubonakala sengathi iphuzu esiphezulu ukusuka umsebenzi kanye kahle siqu sikaJohane saqala ukunikeza ekhombisa izimpawu zokungenwa bayasangana Paranoid.

isifo

Eceleni Dzhona Nesha waqala okwakwenzeka: eqinile yokwelapha insulin Trenton State Hospital, ukuxoshwa, isehlukaniso lapho iminyaka emithathu lokugula nge yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba Alicia lard, ezulazulayo emhlabeni izindlu ngendlela yokusangana.

Ngo-60 azizwe engcono, futhi Eleanor Stier wanika abangenamakhaya nophahla phezu usosayensi yabo ekhanda, wachitha isikhathi lapho uxoxa nabangane indodana yakhe yokuqala. Nash wacabanga ayesalulama, futhi wayeka ukuphuza umuthi antipsychotic. Lesi sifo wabuya.

Khona-ke, e-'70, wabanika indawo yokuhlala Alicia lard. Osebenza nabo wamnika umsebenzi.

Indlela eholela ekululameni

Ngalesi ithuba, waqaphela ukuthi siphila luyakhohlisa, ukusangana zikhubazekile futhi izwe Paranoid, waqala ukulwa nalesi sifo. Kodwa 'sasingacebile udokotela kanye nososayensi. Ngakho-ke, zakhe zaba hhayi imishini nemithi, futhi lakhiwa yena Game Theory. Ngokwesayensi njalo balwa uhlanyiswa Dzhon Nesh. Movie Russell Crowe in indima genius luboniswa. Walwa nalesi sifo ubusuku nemini, ngaphandle kuhlehla, njengoba Umphikisi ku umdlalo ngaphambi isinyathelo ukunciphisa amathuba yayo nokukhawulela uhla imivimbo, bephika imizamo. Ngenxa yalokhu obaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwakhe iqembu wanqoba ubuhlanya ubuhlakani: eye njalo Ukuncishiswa eliphelele isifo esingalapheki.

Ekugcineni, lesi sinqumo eside elindelwe ukuthi sethulwe 1990, olwenziwa odokotela: Dzhon Nesh walulama. Kumele sikhokhe intela emhlabeni yesayensi ye-United States, wayeyisazi is akayikhohliwe kwayo yonke le minyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, babesebenzisa amathuluzi akhiwa Nash. Ngo-1994, wathola uMklomelo KaNobel (i-mqondo yakhe undergraduate, ezibhaliwe eneminyaka engu-21!). Ngo-2001, Nash waphinda ngabophela ifindo no-Alicia lard. Namuhla, isazi sesayensi esidumile aqhubeka khona nomsebenzi wakhe yesayensi ehhovisi lakhe Princeton. Unendaba isu nonlinear kokusebenzisa amakhompyutha.

isiphetho

Lokhu ubuhlakani American - a Akumangalisi wonke umuntu, zonke izinsuku zokuhamba kwakhe - ubufakazi imfundiso yokuziphendukela imidlalo. Uma ucabangela ukuphila kwayo lwabuthana futhi ukunqoba, uthando futhi ukuhlanya, ukunqoba semicabango phezu ngokweqile. Ukuze ukuhlaziywa ngokoqobo ezizungezile Dzhon Nesh balujabulela njalo bakhula ngokwaso njengoba amathuluzi esayensi.

Usosayensi ubuhlakani ngokucacile kakhulu kungenziwa libhekene ibinzana Umberto Eco (inoveli "Pendulum Foucault sika"), ukuthi ungungqondongqondo njalo ukudlala ingxenye efanayo. Nokho, umdlalo wakhe - uhlukile futhi eyingqayizivele. Ngoba lapho udlala kuso, bese usebenzisa zonke ezinye izingxenye.

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