Impendulo yombuzo lokho izimpawu zivamile chordates

Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngamathonya umbuzo yini izimfanelo zivamile chordates. Abamele lolu hlobo zihlukaniswa esekelwe inombolo yezici isici. Ukuthola ayinhloko.

Ngakho lokho izimpawu zivamile chordates? Asiqale nge wesimethri zamazwe amabili. Lesi sici ingenye ezibaluleke kakhulu.

bilateralism

Zonke chordates libhekene zamazwe amabili (zamazwe amabili) wesimethri. Isakhiwo esifanayo ejwayelekile yezinye phyla metazoan kusukela izimpethu aphansi. wesimethri Bilateral limelela osemqoka ukuvela eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Inguquko ukuhamba asebenzayo endaweni engase elihlobene ne-ukwanda ukudla rate umzimba, ukuhlukahluka eziphilayo nokwandiswa uhla izindawo etholakalayo ukuze uhlalwe unomphela.

Secondary umzimba ingaphakathi (lonke)

Eyesibili formal e ukuvela izilwane ekwakhekeni yesibili komgodi umzimba (lonke). Lesi sigaba siqala ne annelids. Ukubaluleka begazi yesibili umzimba ingaphakathi lihlotshaniswa ukunyakaza eminye futhi kusebenze amandla. Ngo bespolostnoy pervichnopolostnyh kanye amathumbu ezilwane parenhimaticheskoy sizungezwe izicubu okuxekethile noma uketshezi lomzimba, ukunyakaza wokudla wokugaya ukudla ipheshana Kufinyeta ekhiqizwa isikhumba-kwemisipha sac, lolo ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyelwa imbangela efanayo futhi entuthukweni wonke umzimba. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuncishiswa wonke umzimba futhi emathunjini ezivumelanisiwe, okuyinto eziphila akuyona kunenzuzo i ukugaya ngempumelelo njalo.

Elivela kuzo yesibili umzimba ingaphakathi ohlukanisa esiswini futhi isikhwama isikhumba-kwemisipha, kanye ukubukeka siqu wamathumbu ezicutshini kwakhiwa kusukela mesoderm, eyinika ithuba ezimele yokuhamba emathunjini motility. ukunyakaza emkhathini nomsebenzi wokugaya ukudla - - Ngayinye yalezi imisebenzi ebalulekile okwenziwe kuye izidingo zemvelo, alisho nomunye. Kulokhu, lonke ikani play a Ukusekela indima, oyibamba njengendlela "hydrostatic skeleton."

ezokuthutha - hhayi ngaphansi ezibalulekile, kanye nomunye umsebenzi we coelom. Amaqhubu lihlaba ekujuleni kwezicubu ziqiniseke ukuthi zinamanzi izakhi kanye nomoya-mpilo. Ngesisekelo ziboya emathunjini kwakheka isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. On wonke, uxhumekile bese izitho excretory. Ngakho, esekelwe yesibili umzimba ingaphakathi exchange ayesekwa izicubu nogwali ezingeni.

Zonke chordates basonta vtorichnopolostnym izilwane phylogenetically uxhuma nabo izinhlobo ezifana annelid izimpethu, bryozoans, brachiopods, eyisinambuzane, echinoderms, pogonophores nabanye. Vtorichnopolostnye angasuselwa coelenterates lasendulo.

deuterostome

Uma ucabangela izimpawu ezivamile chordates (subtype bescherepnyh), kufanele kuphawulwe futhi deuterostome. Zonke izinto eziphilayo vtorichnopolostnye zihlukaniswe kwamagatsha amabili: protostomes futhi deuterostome. amagama Iqembu elihlobene ne izici ukuthuthukiswa embryonic: endaweni yokuqala oluhambisana umlomo blastopore, okuyinto luhlukaniswe emlonyeni nasemdidi, futhi ngaleso yesibili blastopore umsebenzi othola ingquza, umlomo kanye amakhefu kwenye indawo. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa hemichordates, echinoderms, chordates futhi pogonophores. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo izilwane protostomes vtorichnopolostnyh.

Kodwa umehluko phakathi kwala maqembu amabili abaluleke ngaphezu isikhundla umlomo. Okokuqala, bayehluka emfundweni uhlamvu iyonke: ngokujwayelekile protostomes iningi kwakhiwa skhizotselno (by yehlukanise mesenchyme), ne-mesoderm kwenzeka yokufuduka amaseli phakathi komgodi kusukela izicubu eduze (teloblastichesky uhlobo). Ngo deuterostome enterocoel lonke, sibangelwa yi-abhanqiwe ziboya emathunjini: kwezindonga zabo zisenza sibe ishidi mesodermal. Ngaphandle protostomes libhekene evulekile isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi futhi "isitebhisi" uhlobo isakhiwo isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, kuyilapho deuterostome isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi lilidlula ivaliwe, futhi uqondiswe isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko has a isakhiwo ezahlukene, lapho ezindaweni ngabanye ngokuvamile akha amaqoqo enkulu ezinzwa.

Timphawu letitsite chordates

Ngaphezu kwalezi zici, evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke chordates, kodwa atholakala phakathi kwezinye izilwane, njengabameleli be isithakazelo kithi futhi ube ezinye izici ezithile isakhiwo. Chief phakathi kwabo sizoxoxa ngokuningiliziwe kamuva.

kuzithinta

Zonke chordates babe langaphakathi skeleton Axial, element eyinhloko okuyinto - kuzithinta. Kuyinto intambo nokunwebeka, eyakhiwa amaseli vacuolated, ukwakha izicubu cartilaginous Lokudabuka endodermal. Chord izungeza icala zezicubu zezinzwa. umsebenzi Its main - asekelayo; skeleton Axial kusisiza ukuba silondoloze ukuma komzimba. Ubuhlobo obuseduze ne ezizungezile imisipha Axial futhi ngezinga elithile ukuhamba, kuyaqina ukuchaza ingxenye athabisa ukugoba lateral yomzimba, udala ukuphokophela phambili e obukhulu imvelo yasemanzini.

I notochord isakhiwo eyingqayizivele skeleton Axial, ukhona kuphela izinhlobo engezansi Abamele; e ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo kakhulu ke sibekwa embryonic period yentuthuko, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi indawo yabo yathathwa emgogodleni, abasafufusa zezinzwa izicubu emgodleni wayo. Ekuhlolweni eziphilayo Umbuzo ovamile: "Yini izimpawu zivamile chordates nenhlanzi?". Omunye impendulo efanele - "khona kuzithinta." Kamuva emgogodleni izinhlanzi eqala yonke imisebenzi yayo (kuhlanganise locomotor) kanye yezilwane ezinomgogodla eliwumhlaba - ngokuyinhloko yokusekela; Ukuzibandakanya yayo ngqo e yokuhamba esikhundleni umsebenzi usekelo izingxenye ngabanye of the system zemisipha.

Isakhiwo ijabulise we isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko

Isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko we tube ne umgodi ngaphakathi - ngokuqinile ethize sici uhlobo chordates. Ngenxa kubeka ka ectodermal ipuleti kwemizwa embryogenesis okwengeziwe eligoqiwe ibe ngamapayipi, ingaphakathi intambo ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka kwenzeka ingaphakathi - nevrotsel (umsele umgogodla), egcwele cerebrospinal fluid.

Sesihlole akuzona zonke izici chordates. Tshela wena into eyodwa ngaphezulu.

gill umqhewu

Isici nobuntu abamele uhlobo sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo wukuthi phambili ingxenye amashubhu emathunjini kwalezi zilwane eyayigcwele gill izimbotshana - izimbobo yokuxhuma ngalo ingaphakathi we pharynx (igama lalo mnyango) nge imvelo bangaphandle. Izehlo gill izimbotshana elihlobene ne-uhlamvu amandla isihlungi: amanzi therethrough ukhiphe ngemva ukwehlukana izinhlayiyana zokudla efika emathunjini.

Ekuphetheni

Ngakho, sakhuluma ngalokho izimpawu zivamile chordates. Kususelwa kubo, kanye namanye izici bale uhlobo esihlukile abanye. Kuyadingeka hhayi nje ngekhanda, kodwa futhi ukuqonda ezivamile izimpawu chordates. Ithebula, losendzaweni ngezansi, liqukethe ulwazi ngalokho subtypes futhi amakilasi zihlukaniswe zonke zalo abamele.

Sithemba obekuxoxwa kulesi sihloko eye yakusiza ngayo ukuqonda izici zalolu hlobo.