I lipids kuseli imisebenzi Properties ... ka lipids. Indima lipids kuseli

Kanye amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate kanye acid nucleic Kumqoka kakhulu zonke izinto eziphilayo futhi lipids. Ingabe organic compounds nge imisebenzi ebalulekile yemvelo. Ngakho-ke, umthamo wemvula njalo umzimba kubalulekile ukuphila okuvamile. Yini abakubonisayo ngokuya chemistry ezinye lipids kuseli imisebenzi, singafunda kulesi sihloko.

Lipids: umqondo jikelele

Uma ukunikeza kwebalingisi jikelele zezakhi embuzweni, kungashiwo ukuthi imfuyo organic yeseli lipids - yilezi yezinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi amafutha-like, okuhlanganisa ukubunjwa yayo ingxenye hydrophilic futhi hydrophobic.

Ngamafuphi nje, wonke amafutha yemifino kanye isilwane imvelaphi, waxes, cholesterol, ama-hormone amaningi, terpenes - konke lipids. Vele leli gama amele isiqalo nesigcino izakhiwo compounds ezinjalo. Bonke - kukhona zingaxazululeki emanzini kodwa oncibilikayo nonpolar izinto eziphilayo ukuxhumana. Oily uma uyithinta.

Ukwakheka lipids ngokuya yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali kunalokho nzima futhi kuncike kulokho kwakwakhe ikakhulukazi embuzweni. Ngakho-ke, lolu daba kubhekwe eceleni.

ngezigaba

Sabalalisa zonke lipids eqenjini kungaba ngezizathu ezahlukene. Omunye ngezigaba ezivamile kusekelwe ikhono zishintshe ukuze hydrolysis. Ngokusho lesi sici ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amabili amakhulu fat organic.

1. Saponifiable - nalezo babhekana hydrolysis futhi ishabalale zibe izingxenye zayo abamelwe. Izibonelo: waxes, phospholipids, sterol esters, amafutha hlangothi.
2. Unsaponifiable - nalezo awekho ngaphansi hydrolysis. Lezi zihlanganisa terpenes, sterols, amavithamini fat-encibilikayo (A, D, E, K), i-cholesterol, estradiol, testosterone, nezinye.

Kukhona ngesinye isici Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu izinto okukhulunywa - inani lamalungu yezingxenye. Ngakho, ukukhululwa:

• bicomponent noma elula (isitshalo amafutha kanye waxes);
• multicomponent, noma eziyinkimbinkimbi (phospholipids, glycolipids, nezinye ornitinolipidy).

Ngo lipids jikelele kuseli umsebenzi njengebaluleke kakhulu, ngoba kukhona abahlanganyeli ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile kuzo zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukahluka yabo eliphezulu kakhulu.

Ukwakheka lipids

Kusukela iphuzu amakhemikhali buka-molecule ezifana izinto siqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• ingxenye hydrophobic;
• hydrophilic.

Njengoba lipids kakhulu, futhi okuningi izibonelo yomibili. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda ukwakheka amakhemikhali izibonelo kwakwakhe khona.

Yikuphi compounds yizici hydrophobic of lipid molecule?

1. acid okunamafutha Ephakeme (IVH).
2. alcohols Ephakeme.
3. aldehydes Ephakeme.

molecule Hydrophilic zingxenye ezilandelayo:

• glycerol;
• diol acid;
• carbohydrate;
• wali band acid kanye sulfuric acid;
• alcohols acid;
• ama-amino acid.

Ukusebenzelana okuhlukahlukene kwalezi izingxenye kumele ihlale igcinekile eceleni komunye ngenxa ionic, ekuxhumaneni covalent, ukukhangana electrostatic ne-hydrogen kunenze nisondelane amabutho, yakha wonke ezininginingi oily, amanzi compounds zingaxazululeki, ezaziwa ngokuthi lipids.

Sakhiwo izakhiwo

lipid izindawo zichazwe nge yabo isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali. Ngakho, uma kufakwe ukubunjwa unsaturated ephakeme carboxylic acid kanye glycerol, namanoni ngeke abonise izici acid kanye utshwala trihydric. Uma ingxenye aldehyde ke uzosabela kanjani leyo sici iqembu keto.

Ngakho-ke, ubuhlobo izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali isakhiwo engqamuzaneni kusobala ngempela. Okuwukuphela ezehlela bonke izinhlobo amafutha izici - kuyinto:

• solubility e-benzene, hexane, chloroform nezinye kumakhemikhali awuketshezi non-polar;
• oiliness noma greasiness uma uyithinta.

Iguqulela yezinyoni

Labo lipids ukuthi yenza umsebenzi ku izakhi zomzimba obambele, umthombo energy, kukhona amafutha hlangothi. Ngokwe Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu izinto kuzoba nenye triacylglycerols. I hydrophobic, amanzi-zingaxazululeki, compounds non-polar Ukwakheka kwezitho glycerol kanye nama-molecule ezintathu ephakeme acid carboxylic.

Kuyinto lezi lipids okwenziwa kumaseli yezinto eziphilayo. Hlobo luni ukuguqulwa? Le nqubo iyona hydrolysis enzyme okhethekileyo, obizwa ngokuthi lipases. Ngenxa yalokho, ukugaya ephelele ekhiqizwa molecule glycerol futhi fatty acid. Basuke bese inike lingene egazini ku amaseli futhi equliswa kucutshungulwe - ukuhlanganiswa kwezici lipids kuseli ye isakhiwo ezahlukene.

Kunezindlela eziningana fatty acid ephakeme okuyizinto ezibalulekile ngabantu, noma ngabe eyedwa kumaseli abumane. Ziyakwazi:

• oleic;
• linoleic;
• linolenic.

Ukuze silondoloze amazinga evamile lipid kufanele udle ukudla okunothile lezi acid: inyama, inhlanzi, amaqanda, inyama yenkukhu, imifino, amantongomane, ushizi kanye nokunye okufana nalokho, okusanhlamvu.

Indima lipids kuseli

Asho fat ngoba emzimbeni? I lipids kuseli imisebenzi:

• Stand-amandla;
• kwesakhiwo;
• isignali;
• ni oyisivikelo sawo.

Ngamunye wabo kubaluleke kakhulu ukulondoloza impilo evamile zonke ophilayo.

Okubaluleke kakhulu yilezo kwakhiwa acid unsaturated, ngoba zibalulekile. Ababandakanyeka kumiswa molecule ezithile prostaglandins, nakho, kukhona nabalawuli izinqubo eziningi. Futhi, izakhiwo lipids kuleli qembu uvumele iwukudambisa cholesterol kanye ukuvimbela isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi.

Stand-by-Amandla ne umsebenzi isakhiwo

Triacylglycerol noma amafutha hlangothi - main amandla umthombo eziningi izitho zangaphakathi (isibindi, izinso, kwemisipha). Lapho cleavage 1 igremu of lipid ezikhishwe 9.3 kcal ukushisa, okuyinto kuzidlula ukuthi we ukuwohloka carbohydrate kanye amaprotheni.

Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi ukudla amanoni umzimba - kuba umthombo ubungqabavu namandla. Lipids kuseli imisebenzi kwesakhiwo, njengengxenye ulwelwesi cell. Lokhu molecule ezifana:

• glycolipids;
• phospholipids;
• cholesterol.

lipid njalo is phosphatidylcholine kuyinto iyunithi ozikhethela isakhi amaseli isibindi. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi isipele fat - kuyinto isitoreji nabo izingxenye zomzimba. Amandla - a eqhekeza, uma kunesidingo, ekukhishweni zamandla. A block ukuthi yakhiwe kusuka lipids Kwezinye izingxenye kwamangqamuzana nezicubu.

Isexwayiso nokuphepha

Uphawu umsebenzi lipids wukuthi abaningi babo bangabantu abathwali amasignali ezibalulekile ezivela esitokisini futhi ngaphakathi kuwo. Lawa amafutha, njenge:

• phosphatidylinositol;
• eicosanoids;
• glycolipids.

Zihlotshaniswa amahomoni ibuye ukuhlinzeka okusheshayo ukudluliswa kolwazi esitokisini futhi kukho. Futhi, amafutha ukuhlinzeka ngokulawulwa imisebenzi eminingi yenziwa amaseli.

Iqhaza oluvikelayo lipids ukuthi ongama amafutha mass futhi zihlale zifudumele futhi nokuvikelwa mechanical izitho zangaphakathi ekulimaleni. Le ndoda (abesifazane) lokuhlushwa main fat ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa - endaweni esiswini. Yikuphi-ke futhi kudivayisi Ukuvikelwa umbungu ngokumelene uhlevane, ukushayisana kanye namanye amathonya.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, phospholipids zidlala indima ebalulekile amaprotheni isebenze, futhi hormone, usebenza ngegazi coagulation. Njengoba le nqubo futhi umzimba idivayisi yezokuphepha, umsebenzi fat kulokhu okufanayo.