Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi ayivaliwe avaliwe

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi (non-ivaliwe futhi ivaliwe) iyona indlela lapho ukuqaliswa kungenzeka ukunyakaza zihlelwe wegazi (hemolymph) zomzimba, iqinisekisa ukuphila ngokugcwele. ezinyakazayo kwawo ohlelweni kuphakama kusukela okusizwa ukushaya of imisipha yenhliziyo noma ukunciphisa ukuqina izindonga le-aorta ne imithambo noma izinhlaka zeNhlangano ukunyakaza komzimba futhi imisipha. Kungenxa ngokusebenzisa ezokuthutha nokusakazwa izinto kwenzeka nokushisa exchange nezinqubo ukuthonya futhi rate umzimba. Kuvaliwe noma evulekile isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi: indlela bayehluka, futhi ulenzela bani kukhona isici? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo kuzoxoxwa ngayo esihlokweni.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi ayivaliwe litholakala cishe kuyo yonke ezingenamgogodla, kanye chordates aphansi (Amphioxus e). Igazi flow la magciwane kubangelwa wokwehla inhliziyo, noma "izinhliziyo", kanye, ngokwezinga elithile, ukuncishiswa imisipha yomzimba. Sici sici - semali igazi ngesivinini eliphansi ukuhamba kwayo.

Kuvaliwe isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi kungaba kuqukathe olulodwa kwegazi (izinhlanzi kanye cyclostomes) kanye ezimbili - ezincane nezinkulu (ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo). Ogelezayo ngokusebenzisa circle ezincane nezinkulu igazi ngezikhathi eshintsha ngezithako zawo, futhi emithambo yegazi, into ekhipha igazi enhliziyweni. A izilwane nongenanembeza, ngisho emithambo yegazi exubile kanye lwemithambo noma inhliziyo yomthambo i-aorta, izinga ukugeleza kwegazi uphansi. Exchange of izinto phakathi igazi nezicubu zomzimba eyenziwa esebenzisa mncane capillary izindonga. Ukuhlunga imikhiqizo noqhekeko kwenzeka ikakhulukazi izinso, noma ezinye izidumbu ngokuhlukana.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi ayivaliwe abangaphelele kakhulu, kodwa phakathi abanikazi avaliwe isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi ekahle kakhulu izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Abameleli azifundiswa kula makilasi okufunda siqukethe inhliziyo ezimbili ezine-chambered nokusakaza. Ngokuvamile, igazi lwemithambo akakaze kuxutshaniswe negazi emithambo yegazi. ingcindezi Akumangalisi sezingeni eliphezulu. Enye inzuzo - ngesilinganiso esikhulu ukugeleza kwegazi ngokusebenzisa izitsha (uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo kwegazi igazi in izinambuzane cishe 22 imizuzu, inja - lena imizuzwana-16, kanti unogwaja - 7.5 imizuzwana). Kuyinto ngenxa yalezi zici kungenzeka efudumele-bloodedness kwezilwane ephakeme, okuyinto livumela lokushisa komzimba ukuqhubeka, kungakhathaliseki izimo zemvelo. Eziyizici izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo kanye nekghono eliphezulu umzimba.

Kwegazi emzimbeni womuntu inikezwa yi ukusikwa inhliziyo, okuyinto usebenza like futha. Phakathi kwezinye izici ezibangela ukujikeleza kwegazi - ukunyakaza zokuphefumula, ukunciphisa imisipha lwamathambo, ingcindezi umehluko izitsha. Omunye izici umsebenzi inhliziyo - ukushaya kwenhliziyo. Pulse - extension gqwa kwemithambo yegazi, okuyinto kuvumelana Kufinyeta of imisipha yenhliziyo. imvamisa yayo kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi, kuhlanganise isisindo somzimba, izinga lokushisa futhi isimo umzimba, ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo, nokunye. I evamile kwenhliziyo ngenxa omdala kuyinto 60-80 amabhithi ngeminithi. A izinga ehlukene ukugeleza kwegazi ezitsheni kusukela ngaphansi kuka-1 mm / umzuzwana e capillary 50 cm / s imithambo ezinkulu. Lonke kwegazi egazi emzimbeni cishe 20-25 imizuzwana. Igazi ihamba ingcindezi phansi omkhulu aorta nokuvaleka kwemithambo emikhulu kanye kwencani, ngisho negative, lihambe ngemithambo eziyize. Reverse ukuhamba kwegazi futhi kuvimbele valve okuyinto ukuvala orifice atrioventricular, umlomo Umthambo yamaphaphu futhi le-aorta, kanye valve zitholakala kwi izindonga imithambo ezinkulu. Lapho okwanele contractile umsebenzi inhliziyo ukugeleza igazi akusekelwe siyabhubha.

Njengoba ubona, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi ayivaliwe avaliwe unezici ekhetheke kakhulu ukuthi uqiniseka ukwazi zonke erudite, hhayi nje umuntu.