Izindaba UmphakathiImvelo

Incazelo, umlando kanye Ireland Square

Emerald Ireland, ezigcwele izinganekwane mayelana leprechauns kanye elves, ubelokhu wavusa isithakazelo ososayensi kanye abavubukuli. Phela, isiqhingi ubhekwa omunye lezo zindawo lapho abantu kuzixazulule kudala - iminyaka namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili BC. A Ireland esiqhingini endaweni 84 sq. M. km, okuvumela ukuba kungene umugqa wesithathu ohlwini iziqhingi ngobukhulu emasontweni aseYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuze kube manje abavubukuli baye hhayi ubunamandla okubonakalisa injongo dolmens bamatshe futhi ubani sibaningi zitholakala kuleli zwe. Akukholakali, kodwa kuze kube manje endaweni Ireland wavakashelwa azinakho uphenyo ngokugcwele, futhi kusho ukuthi umlando la mazwe emangalisayo kungenziwa enwetshiwe nge amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo.

Ezakhamuzi zokuqala ezahlala Ireland

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi leli lokuqala abantu e-Ireland wafika lapha ngokushesha ngemva kokuphela Ubudala Ice lapho isimo sezulu ovunyelwe uzizwa ukhululekile ezikhonza kula mazwe. Ngiphephile ngokushesha lonke elase-Ireland lalakhiwe endaweni kanye bendawo okuthiwa waqala ukwakha ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo bamatshe. Kuyinto ayikaziwa kungani Irish lasendulo ayakha lezi zakhiwo eziyinqaba. Kodwa, isibonelo, dolmens ezibhekwa izikhumbuzo nokungcwaba. Nakuba abanye ososayensi bathi anencazelo engcwele, futhi ngosizo lwabo labantu lesi siqhingi sasibizwa ehlangene nemimoya. By the way, kwelinye izakhiwo bamatshe, abavubukuli bathola ibalazwe endala itshe kwesibhakabhaka lapho inyanga yayimi enemininingwane kakhulu futhi kubonisa impumuzo wakhe.

Ireland zangenkathi yangaphambi kobuKristu

Emhlabeni ngekhulu lesibili BC esiqhingini lawela izizwe AmaCeltic. Baqala ukuthuthelwa babo abavela eMpumalanga Yurophu futhi ekugcineni ixazululwe hhayi kuphela ezwekazini, kodwa futhi phezu eziqhingini eziseduze. Yonke indawo iye yingcweti yi AmaCeltic-Ireland ngokushesha okukhulu, ayesebenzisa yensimbi izikhali, militancy ezahlukene kanye nogqozi for imikhankaso yezempi. Ingxenye bendawo acotshodiswa, kanye nabo bonke abanye abantu bakulezi ziqhingi kancane kancane ihlanganiswe ne AmaCeltic ku isizwe esisodwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukunqoba lesi siqhingi nomthelela omuhle kakhulu isiko nokwakheka kwalo. AmaCeltic ayenokuhlangenwe ubuchwepheshe obusha, ulimi, ngokubhalwe phansi, nangemva inkolo. Cishe bonke izinganekwane Irish ezinye nekuhumusha Celtic umlando izinkolelo.

Ixhunywe nezinhlanga Celtic we Druids, ngubani washiya uphawu ngokujulile isiko wezizwe eziningi zaseYurophu. Ezinye izazi-mlando zithi le Druids alethwe Ireland ulwazi lwabo olubanzi futhi wafundisa izingane zabantu bendawo nesiko inkolo. Kuze kube manje, iningi legends usitshela nabathakathi ohlakaniphile futhi engenzeleli owasiza ukuthuthukisa ezolimo Irish futhi baba nesandla esivulekile bazipha ulwazi lwabo olujulile Cosmology, ezokulima kanye nezokungcebeleka ukuphulukiswa.

YobuKristu Ireland

Emhlabeni ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesihlanu Ireland banyukubala zevangeli zokuqala wazama ukuguqula bendawo ebuKristwini. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphezu St. Patrick, okuyinto kubhekwa abangcwele ezibaluleke kakhulu Irish nomthelela yobuKristu siqhingi wenzé nezinye izinceku zeSonto - St Columba sika, isibonelo, noma Kevin ongcwele. Kodwa isikhulu Baptist Ireland namanje waqaphela njengoba St Patrick wazalelwa eBrithani futhi iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu ayichitha izinceku Irish.

Kusukela endaweni Ireland libanzi, kanye labantu likhulu, yobuKristu senzeka ngezigaba eziningana phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amaningana, ezuza izici zayo siqu kule nqubo. Ukuze Ireland, kwaba ukubhujiswa nobuntu kwabezizwe, ukunqunywa ukholo olusha. Izithunywa Zevangeli kancane kancane ukukholisa balapha, wakha izigodlo zezindela, ngenkuthalo ekufundiseni Irish. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi esikhathini yokwehla yamasiko-Europe, Ireland baba zezwe elichumayo, lapho ubuKristu abuyona imiphakathi elinganiselwe, futhi kungokufanayo nangendoda - ukwakhela kulo. Izindela ukuba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni zolimi olubhalwayo, wadala imifanekiso ehlukile izifundo zenkolo ukubaza ekhexisayo. abavubukuli abaningi nezazi-mlando shayela ekhulwini 5-6th "yokuchuma" wase-Ireland.

Viking kuphangwa

Ireland (indawo, indawo kanye isimo sivune wenza) uye yabakhanga omakhelwane. Ngo 8-9 eminyaka Ukuguduza Irish abangu ngaphansi njalo Viking.

Bona ezazihlupha nasemizaneni zezindela, eminingi yayo bawubhubhisa phansi. Ukuze andise siwuvumele usithonye, amaViking wasungula owabo umuzi kancane kancane ezimfundisweni abakhileyo zomdabu kunokuthula kulesi siqhingi. Babalelwa ku Dublin ke yasungulwa ngo 988, eyayizoba bafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni indawo kulesi siqhingi. AmaViking wabeka parallel port emadolobheni, eyayintula impilo yabo emqoka kakhulu. Kancane kancane waqala alulame ezigodlweni siqhingi, futhi abanqobi ayisekho aphathe izindela nge uhlamvu kasawoti. Baye bafunda ukuba babambisane ezikhona ngokuthula.

Irish kungukuthi nje uzama ukuyeka ukuhlaselwa amaViking, kodwa kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-11 Brian Boru (yinkosi ophakeme) amqoba ibutho elalihlasela.

Ukusungulwa kwe iziphathimandla British

Ireland indawo enkulukazi (e amakhilomitha square - .. ayizinkulungwane 84) ayikwazanga ngesinye zidonse ukunaka kwanoma LaseBrithani. Kusukela ngekhulu le-11 baqala ukweba kuze kube emadolobheni amakhulu Irish, kancane kancane enqoba kubo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-12, Korol Genrih II wamemezela ukuthi yena iNkosi Ireland futhi osungulwe igunya lakhe phezu ezinye ingxenye yesiqhingi. Anglo-norman noMbusi wababusi futhi akazange behluleka ukuthola ucezu enkulu ezweni Irish futhi waqala ukuqoqa ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe.

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 le-British wazinza phansi sabona isiqhingi futhi Ngokuqinisekile wabeka imithetho yabo. Kancane kancane esikhundleni the Irish ulimi, amasiko. Kodwa kule nkathi yesikhathi, lo mkhuba akazange atholwe uhlamvu mass, ngakho-Irish wathwala oda kukaHulumeni omusha ngesineke.

Ngokumangalisayo, division of the labantu abadala nabasha kusobala kusobala kakhulu ekhulwini le-17. AmaKatolika yokhokho Irish nesiNgisi babe isisekelo sokuqala sale umphakathi, kodwa babe inyumbazane. British izifiki-ebhekisela ngokwabo uhulumeni omusha, abantu balapha, okufanelekile nakulokho ampofu unyaka ngamunye.

Ukucindezelwa kwabampofu Irish: ukuthuthukiswa yezwe ngaphansi kobuholi British

AmaNgisi, abangamalungu e iningi amaProthestani namaKatolika ngenkuthalo ucindezelwe, ababe cishe yonke Irish. Ngekhulu le-17 kwathatha amafomu ezinkulukazi ngempela. AmaKatolika ayenqatshelwe ukuthenga umhlaba, kufanele amasonto abo, ukuthola imfundo ephakeme nokuhlelela ukukhuluma ulimi lwabo. Izwe laqala ukuvukela okuholele okushayisanayo eside amahlelo ukuthi kwaholela ekuhlukaneni yezwe.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, amaKatolika babe amaphesenti hhayi engaphezu kwemihlanu bezwe namasiko ngasinda kuphela ngenxa yemizamo imiphakathi ngasese, okuyinto zathathwa ngezimpelasonto uqhuba ukuqeqeshwa amakilasi for esizukulwaneni esisha.

Kwikota yokuqala yekhulu le-19 sekube ncibilika phakathi kwawo Ireland naseBrithani. Yaba Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba umsebenzi Daniel O'Connell, ngubani athonya ePhalamende IsiZulu waphasisa imithetho amaningana ukuze lula ukuphila Irish amaKatolika. Lokhu Patriot ngentshiseko bavikela amalungelo takhamiti futhi wazama kabusha iPhalamende Irish ayezosenza izakhamuzi lesi siqhingi ngokwaso nomthelela ezombusazwe wezwe.

Okudingeka Olusheshayo

Mhlawumbe indaba Ireland ngabe zamhambela enye indlela, kodwa phakathi nekhulu le-19 kuleli zwe iminyaka emithathu ilandelana kwaba isivuno ompofu amazambane, owawungumnyaka liwumthombo oyinhloko ukudla Irish. Labantu waqala ukulamba, kodwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho eyasungulwa British, base zithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okusanhlamvu. Minyaka yonke labantu Ireland lancipha, ngethemba lokuthola ukuphila okungcono nezakhamuzi zaseziqhingini waqala bathutha lizwe. Iningi lazo wahlala US, abanye eyozama inhlanhla eNgilandi. Encwadini esifushane Ireland ushiye abangaba yizigidi ezimbili imikhaya.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 Irish singaphikelela waqala ukufuna ukuzibusa. Kodwa kulapho kubonakala khona ngokucacile umehluko zenkolo phakathi nabantu bakuleli zwe - engxenyeni esenyakatho Ireland yayimelelwe amaProthestani, kuyilapho wonkana futhi wahlala lamaKatolika. AmaProthestani balwa nohulumeni, okwaholela ukungezwani zandiswe ezweni.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eBritish yayivumile ezinye isandla Irish futhi wasayina idokhumenti ku ukuzibusa, Ireland sahlala ngaphansi kokulawula ingqikithi eBrithani. Lena abasekeli bakhathazeke kakhulu sokuhlukaniswa umqhele, April 24, 1916 kuvukela wakhulela Dublin, eyathatha izinsuku eziyisithupha. Ngu ukuphela kwayo cishe bonke abaholi ukunyakaza babulawa, okwabangela ukuvelela ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso e-Ireland. Ngo-1919, kwamenyezelwa lapho edala izulu Irish ePhalamende, kanye republic azimele.

Isiqhingi Ireland: ndawo, endaweni namuhla

isifiso Irish sokuzibusa kuye kwaholela yalwa England, okwaqala ngo-1919 kuya ku-1921. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mbuso kuzuza oyifunayo futhi ukuzimela ngokuphelele abavela eBrithani, kodwa ngezinye izindleko inkululeko kwaba uqhekeko yezwe kanye nomphakathi.

Ngenxa yalokho, ibalazwe kwamiswa ezimbili uthi - Irish State naseNorthern Ireland. Futhi ingxenye enkulu yalesi siqhingi kungokwalabo Irish Free State, northerners luthathe kuphela one-sixth siqhingi.

Iyini indawo Ireland (Republic): incazelo emfushane

Kusukela ekumenyezelweni kukazibuse Republic of Ireland usefunde e yayo ubulungu 26 izifunda, kanye endaweni lizwe sika sq 70. M. km. Kuyinto uhulumeni elikhulu lakulesi siqhingi.

Kufika 80-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule, izwe nobunzima obukhulu bezomnotho, labantu baqhubeka aziphume ziphele kuleli zwe, kodwa ukuthola umsebenzi e-Ireland kwakunzima kakhulu. Kodwa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20, isimo uhlaliseke. Umnotho ihlangabezana ukukhula esitebeleni, futhi ubani ishiywa waphinda safinyelela ekhaya kwentsha. Ngokusho kwemibiko yamuva, wabuyela e-Ireland ukuze amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-50 zokuphila kwezifiki. Futhi lokhu kubonisa ukuthi phambi lizwe balinde nje ushintsho omuhle.

Northern Ireland: incazelo kanye izici

Uma sicabangela jikelele endaweni ye-United Kingdom, Ireland labelwe akukho indawo ebalulekile ezifana (240.5 sq. M. Futhi izinkulungwane 84 km. Sq. Km ngokulandelana). Kodwa izakhamuzi ingxenye olusenyakatho lwalesi siqhingi babegculiseka isimo esikhona manje ngo-1920.

Le ndawo yeNyakatho Ireland nje phezu 14 square metres. km, kuleli zwe liye langena izifunda 6 kuphela. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, kuze kube-1998, eNyakatho ye-Ireland, le mpi eqhubekayo phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani. Kaningi, ayehambisana izibhelu ehlomile, United Kingdom ezingaphezu kuka seziqalile amabutho abo bayohlala emaphandleni yokuxazulula izingxabano.

Engaba ngu-30 amahlelo yabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Kuphela ekuseni 21 leminyaka th, izwe ifikile sokuthula, amaqembu alwayo ababuyisana futhi sakwazi ukuvumelana nokubambisana. Eminyakeni yamuva, ingxenye labantu Northern Ireland esivuna kokuhlanganiswa ne Republic futhi ukubuya esimweni olulodwa kulesi siqhingi. Kodwa isiphakamiso akusekelwe yiwo wonke umuntu ephalamende wezwe, okuyinto angase bayisibonelo nobuqili omunye ezimpini eyayizothatha isikhathi eside esikhathini esizayo.

isiphetho

Ireland emlandweni walo Nokho wazibonela izikhathi eziningi ezinzima futhi olunegazi zinqobe, wahlala umoya elinganqobeki abantu noma phakathi abanqobi. Phela, zonke Irishman kuchitheka igazi amaqhawe Celtic owayazi indlela yokuvikela inkululeko yabo kanye nemvelo.

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