Ingqikithi kanye nezinkomba eziyisisekelo amandla ayitholwa

Izinkomba kwamandla ayitholwa zisikisela ukuthi inkampani unethuba sinomthelela intengo imikhiqizo yayo ngokushintsha ubukhulu kwezimpahla bayidayise emakethe. I degree of kuba isihlobo ngempela, uma emakethe akusilo elilodwa, kodwa abakhiqizi eziningana imikhiqizo efanayo.

Imithombo noma izici

izinkampani kokunikelwayo emakethe kukhona izinkomba elandelayo kwamandla ayitholwa:

• share elikhulu enhlanganweni emakethe e Iwawo ngohlelo;
• khona kwanoma isiphi izimpahla ezanele esikhundleni, oveza inkampani ngamandla esinakho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkomba kungenziwa ngokuthi i kuyaqina elincane ukufunwa umkhiqizo kwenhlangano.

izinkomba ezinjalo kwamandla ayitholwa zisikisela ukuthi inkampani angasungula okubaluleke kakhulu imikhiqizo yethu siqu, unganqikazi yimaphi zici nokukhawulela.

oligopoly

Lena ekhethekile isakhiwo emakethe, lapho iningi labantu yokuthengisa kwenziwa izinhlangano ezimbalwa kuphela esikhulu, ngalinye elikwazi banethuba ngqo kungathonya intengo emakethe. izici zalo zakhiwa lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• emakethe has a izinkampani ezimbalwa evelele;
• izinkampani anesabelo enkulu ngokwanele emakethe, okungukuthi, bethule izinkomba kwamandla ayitholwa phezu izindleko;
• ijika ukufunwa inhlangano ngayinye ihlukile, 'kokuwa' uhlamvu;
• amafemu kukhona eduze esihlobene futhi kuncikene;
• Ziningi izithiyo ukuze emakethe waqala ukusebenza kunoma iyiphi inkampani entsha;
• akukho kungenzeka evamile funa izilinganiso;
• akunakwenzeka ukucacisa MR;
• kukhona imiphumela interconnection jikelele.

Amafomu zinhlobo zokuziphatha

Ngenxa ukungaqiniseki ukuziphatha emakethe livela lenqwaba onobuhle ezahlukene oligopoly, okuyinto zihlukaniswe nezakhiwo noncooperative noma ukuziphatha wokubambisana.

Uma sikhuluma ukuziphatha okungahambisani wokubambisana, ngamunye umdayisi angabeka ngokuphelele ngokuzimela ukuxazulula inkinga yokunquma ukubaluleka kanye okukhipha ingqikithi umkhiqizo. Lapho ukuziphatha wokubambisana zonke izinkampani ukuthi babe izinkomba kwamandla ayitholwa emakethe, ukusebenza ndawonye ukuze siyixazulule lezi zinkinga.

Lafananako yokuziphatha eziningana.

sivumelwano Cartel

Usole kuyinto isimo ukuziphatha oligopolistic okwagcina kuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-nombimbi okuthiwa, okungukuthi, amaqembu izinkampani, afana izinqumo ehlukahlukene mayelana amavolumu ukukhiqizwa imikhiqizo ethile nokubaluleka kwayo ngendlela ezifana uma inhlangano olulodwa esinakho amamethrikhi amandla emakethe.

Ukunqunywa intengo eyodwa ukukhulisa imali ilungu ngalinye le Cartel, kodwa, ngesikhathi esifanayo nokwanda intengo kukhona ukwehliswa amandla in ivolumu ukukhiqizwa. Ekuphetheni isivumelwano esinjalo, inkampani ngayinye izama ukwandisa inzuzo yayo kuze kufike, uqala ngokuvamile kakhulu kuphula isivumelwano ekusithekeni kwabanye elokhu enciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, okwagcina kuholela ekubhujisweni nombimbi kwakhiwa.

Uma ungenalo acabangele yokuthi amandla izinkomba ayitholwa zibandakanya inombolo yezinto ezahlukene, okuyinto ukuvimbela ukubukeka kunzima, kunezinye izimpendulo ezihlukahlukene ukuze ukuvala amathuba usole. Ikakhulukazi, kumayelana ukuhlinzekwa kwale mibandela elandelayo:

• umehluko izindleko kanye funa;
• inombolo enkulu izinkampani kule mboni;
• okuvela lezikhali lawa okungazelelwe;
• umuntu ukuba abuye angenele emakethe imboni abaqalayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyafaneleka iqiniso lokuthi usole engathiya izinkampani ngokwabo, enifeza lokukhwabanisa, ngesisekelo ezifihliwe Izindleko nokwehlisa ngesisekelo intengo ukubandlulula imikhiqizo izothandwa.

Ubuholi e intengo

Ubuholi e intengo noma, njengoba zibizwa kanjalo, ukwakha itulo buthule kuyinto isivumelwano okungenwe kuso phakathi oligopolists eziningana futhi kusikisela ukusungulwa inani elithile ukuze imikhiqizo yabo. Iphuzu eliyinhloko lapha ukuthi izinhlangano ezehlukene kule ndawo siholwa amanani ukuthi zinqunywa umholi olulodwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokulandelana, e iningi labantu amacala njengoba umholi inhlangano ukhethwa, okuyinto enkulu kunazo zonke e-sithombe yayo ehlukile.

Kungakhathaliseki indlela okufanele izinkomba ukufaka ezihlukahlukene amandla ayitholwa umkhakha inhlangano, umholi ngamaqhinga ku ukulungiswa intengo kungenzeka kanje:

• izinguquko intengo ngezikhathi kwenziwe uma kukhona izinguquko ezinkulu izindleko;
• kubukezwe okwakuseduze amanani ibike ngokusebenzisa abezindaba;
• Umholi intengo akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukhetha engcono izindleko.

Control amanani

Le nqubo yokunika izindleko ubuncane production, okuyinto kudala kunezingqinamba ezinkulu ezinye izinkampani aseqalile iqhaza emakethe. Kuyaphawuleka yokuthi inkampani isikhathi okuthile kungase kunikeze ngisho noma imaphi inzuzo nje ukuvimbela yethula emakethe ukuncintisana inhlangano.

Mshini lo mkhuba ezinzima elula. Ekuqaleni, izinkampani ukuthi babe okunguye yedwa amandla ukusebenza umkhiqizi, ukulinganisa isilinganiso eziphansi kungenzeka esincintisana esizayo, bese nje ukubeka izindleko zokukhiqiza ezingeni eliphansi.

"Izindleko-plus"

Lolu khetho zamanani ukulandela amaqhinga lapho enqubeni yokunquma ukubaluleka oligopolist lokuqala olwenziwa ukuhlolwa enemininingwane siqu isilinganiso izindleko zalo variable okwesikhathi esithile lohleliwe ukukhiqizwa Izinga, ngemva kwalokho-ke yengezwe "izimpawulo" ngesimo iphesenti inzuzo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Cape kumele sibe okungenani inani elifaka ukumboza ngokugcwele AFC, kuyilapho ukuhlinzeka inzuzo evamile.

mncintiswano ephelele

Ngaphansi mncintiswano ephelele sihlinzekela ukusungulwa kwesiGungu ezifana isakhiwo emakethe lapho kukhona lenqwaba izinkampani ezahlukene ehilelekile ekukhiqizeni nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo efanayo, ukuze kungabikho muntu kuzovela izinkomba amandla ayitholwa kule nkampani. Kulokhu, ukungena noma ukuphuma kwanoma iyiphi abasha emakethe awugcini, futhi isabelo enhlanganweni ngamunye inani incane kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngeke ngikuphe umthelela sina sesilinganiso sentengo imikhiqizo. Ngakho, ngisho kunalokho, umbambiqhaza ngamunye ngamunye kuncike ngqo isici emakethe amabutho futhi imele tsenopoluchatelya.

okunguye yedwa

Inkampani ethile has zonke izinkomba eziyisisekelo amandla esinakho - yena silindelwe lenqwaba amakhasimende, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo uwukuphela nomkhiqizi umkhiqizo ukuthi akanayo imikhiqizo anolaka esikhundleni. Kulesi imodeli, zikhona izici eziningana esiyingqayizivele:

• inkampani umkhiqizi ematheni imikhiqizo ethile;
• inkomba eyinhloko amandla ayitholwa wukuthi umkhiqizo luyasetshenziswa eyingqayizivele ngokuphelele, ngoba azikho izinto esikhundleni;
• emakethe entry kakhulu esinakho elinganiselwe bahlunga izithiyo insuperable ukuthi kungadalwa eyayenziwe noma ngokwemvelo;
• nomkhiqizi has zonke izinkomba lokuhlushwa amandla esinakho, ngoba elawula ukunikezelwa emakethe futhi izindleko mikhiqizo.

Ngamanye amazwi, lo monopolist nguye yedwa lesishaya value, ie esabela ngenani elithile, futhi ngemva kwalokho umthengi kufanele kunqunywa zingaki imikhiqizo etholakala kuye. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba baqonde kahle, ukuthi iningi labantu izimo ngeke babela it too high ngoba funa incipha nokwanda.

Njengoba isibonelo, izinhlangano ukuthi babe izinkomba kwamandla emakethe ayitholwa kungabangela ezihlukahlukene Izinsiza zomphakathi ezifana nezinkampani amanzi, igesi kanye nezinkampani ugesi, kanye nezinkampani zezokuthutha kanye zonke izinhlobo link. Kulokhu, kwezithiyo mbumbulu kukhona amalayisensi ahlukahlukene kanye namalungelo obunikazi ukuthi abanye amafemu ukunikeza ilungelo elehlukile ukusebenza emakethe othize.

mncintiswano ayitholwa

Abaningana impela abakhiqizi namuhla ukunikela efanayo, kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele imikhiqizo ezifanayo, ngakho okungekho lula kangaka ungakheka esinakho. Izinkomba kwamandla ayitholwa isekhona, kodwa emakethe izimpahla heterogeneous eziye kancane kunciphisa umphumela ngamunye abakhiqizi.

izimo mncintiswano ephelele ukuhlinzekela ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo zifane, kuyilapho mncintiswano monopolistic kuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa umahluko, ngokuyinhloko lokhu okuhlobana ngayo ikhwalithi umkhiqizo noma insizakalo evumela ukuthi umsebenzisi ukuze uthole ezinye izintandokazi intengo. Futhi uzinake ukuthi imikhiqizo kungenziwa umahluko ngokuvumelana nezimo inkonzo zokuthenga, ukushuba ukukhangisa esetshenziswa, ukusondela kumakhasimende ngisho eziningi nezinye izinto ezibalulekile.

Ngakho-ke, izinkampani ezisebenza emakethe wokuncintisana monopolistic akugcini nje bancintisane ngokubeka value othize, kodwa futhi kuyindlela yokuthola umehluko amasevisi kanye nemikhiqizo yakho, okuyinto kunciphisa ukusebenza kwabo amandla esinakho.

Lerner Inkomba nezinye ngokucacile lokhu ubuhlobo, ngoba yonke inkampani eyodwa ezimweni ezinjena has amandla athile ayitholwa phezu imikhiqizo yabo. Okungukuthi, it has a kungenzeka self-ukwanda noma kwehla inani, kuye ezathathwa izimbangi, kodwa la mandla ekhishwa ngokuqhubekayo ngqo engavimba yokuthi emakethe kukhona abakhiqizi ukuthi sikhiqiza imikhiqizo efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi khona izimakethe monopolistic ukuhlinzeka, ngaphezu izinkampani amancane naphakathi ukuze, njengoba abameleli emakethe kunalokho enkulu.

Le modeli emakethe ihlinzeka isifiso njalo phezu ingxenye amalungu ayo ukuba sandise endaweni yabo okukhethwayo ngokungena yokuthi imikhiqizo yabo kukhona abathile kakhulu. Okokuqala, lokhu kufezeke ngokusebenzisa izimpawu zokuthengisa kanye nanoma yiziphi izinto kanye nokukhangisa umkhankaso omkhulu angahlonza umehluko phakathi izinhlobo eziningana ezidayiswayo.

Umahluko omkhulu

Uma sikhuluma ngalokho lihlukile Perfect polipoliya mncintiswano monopolistic, lapho izinkampani eziningi ngezinga elithile kahle eliphezulu kwamandla ayitholwa izinkomba, zikhona izici eziningana eziyisisekelo:

• emakethe ukudayiswa ephelele eyenziwe heterogeneous, imikhiqizo hhayi eyohlobo;
• abahlanganyeli emakethe akulona esobala ngokugcwele, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi izenzo zabo zingaphansi izimiso zomnotho;
• izinkampani ozama ukukhulisa endaweni izintandokazi zakho, njalo individualizing imikhiqizo yabo siqu;
• zikhona nobunzima ekuzuzeni ukufinyelela emakethe kwanoma iyiphi nabathengisi entsha ngenxa izintandokazi.

Izici oligopoly

Uma abahlanganyeli akudingeki umncintiswano kakhulu, futhi kuphela inombolo ethile izinkampani linqobe endaweni ethile, isibonelo esinjalo ibizwa ngokuthi i oligopoly. Njengoba izibonelo oligopoly zakudala ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa "big abathathu 'e-US, okubandakanya nezinhlangano ezifana owaziwa njengo« Ford »,« General Motors »futhi« Chrysler ».

Oligopoly kungase kube ukukhiqizwa iyunifomu hhayi kuphela, kodwa imikhiqizo futhi umahluko. Ngo iningi labantu amacala homogeneity yokudlanga ezitholakala ezimakethe lapho ukuqaliswa okwandile imikhiqizo ephuma kabili isiqediwe futhi zonke izinhlobo izinto zokusetshenziswa, okungukuthi amafutha, steel, itshe-nsimbi, usimende kanye neminye imikhiqizo efanayo, ngenkathi kwamangqamuzana kuyinto ejwayelekile ezidayiswayo ezimakethe, lapho indices (indices ) amandla ayitholwa akuyona okusezingeni eliphezulu kangaka.

Idlanzana izinkampani kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungena ezivumelwaneni ahlukahlukene monopolistic eziphathelene ukunqunywa intengo, kanye ukwahlukanisa noma ukusatshalaliswa izimakethe kanye nezinye izindlela yokwazisa imikhawulo mncintiswano. It has eside kusukela kungase kutholakale ukuthi umncintiswano kulezi ezimakethe kuyinto encike ngqo kwi izinga emakamu zokukhiqiza, ngakho inani izinkampani kudlala indima juqu.

Futhi uzinake Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi indima ngokwanele ebalulekile ubunjalo ubudlelwane yokuncintisana kule makethe inikezwe ivolumu kanye nesakhiwo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba ulwazi mayelana izimbangi zakho, kanye nezimo abasenzi ngokufunwa, elitholakala kuwo ngamunye ababambiqhaza. Uma lolu lwazi sesiphelele, kunengxenye ekwenzeni ukuziphatha wokuncintisana kakhudlwana yenkampani ngayinye.

umehluko

Umehluko omkhulu kusuka amafomu oligopolistic emakethe wokuncintisana ephelele likhona lapha intengo Dynamics. Kulokhu, inkampani ngayinye inezinga kahle eliphezulu of ayitholwa amandla Lerner, okusho izindleko abekelwe emaceleni ngezansi intengo esinakho, futhi inhlangano ngayinye unekhono setha izindleko zabo zokukhiqiza, ubuncane ukunqotshwa ithonya izimbangi zayo futhi emakethe ngokuvamile.

Emakethe ephelele, izindleko izimpahla ngokuqhubekayo futhi ngendlela engavamile Ukwedlula njengoba ngqo kuncike ekushintshashintsheni okwenzeka kwaneliswe isidingo, kuyilapho oligopoly ngokuvamile inikeza izindleko sasivumela nzile kokungathembeki nezinguquko nazi ngempela ezingavamile.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ejwayelekile yiyona okuthiwa ubuholi intengo, lapho izindleko iqembu kwezimpahla nje isuke ibangelwa inkampani eyodwa kuphela, ngenkathi kulandelwa lonke oligopolists abanale abanye amandla esinakho. Essence izinkomba - ekulinganiseni lezi zici aphethwe njalo, ngoba inhlangano ngayinye izama ukuthuthukisa futhi ahole leli fomu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo emakethe ezingafinyeleleki nganoma yisiphi amalungu amasha, futhi uma oligopolists isivumelwano mayelana izindleko, ke umncintiswano kancane kancane ukuguquguquka maqondana ukukhangisa, izinga kanye individualization.

izinhlobo mncintiswano

Non-intengo mncintiswano kuhilela egqamisa nokwethenjelwa ephakeme endaweni "izindleko ukusetshenziswa" ephansi, umklamo owayephila kanye nendathane yezinye izinkinga. Ngakho, abantu ngokuvamile bazimisele ukukhokhela esengeziwe inqubo Japanese onokwethenjelwa futhi efakazelwe esikhundleni ukuthenga izimpahla ezikhiqizwa kumazwe.

Futhi uzinake wukuthi kule non-intengo izindlela wokuncintisana samukelwa ukunikeza inqwaba amasevisi, ukugcina imikhiqizo ubudala ezinikelwe efomini lokukhokhela isitolimende sokuqala imikhiqizo emisha kanye nabanye abaningi. I encishisiwe ukusetshenziswa metal, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, umonakalo emvelweni bese nezinye izakhiwo ngcono umthengi ukuthi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule baye eze phambili emkhakheni izinzuzo ze-non-intengo umkhiqizo.

Yiqiniso, indlela enamandla kakhulu yokwenza non-intengo mncintiswano ngaso sonke isikhathi kuyinto isikhangiso namuhla abazinhliziyo indima yakhe iphakeme kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho kwaba amashumi eminyaka ambalwa edlule. Ngosizo ukukhangisa zonke inkampani hhayi kuphela lingadlulisela kumthengi oyinhloko ulwazi olufanele mayelana nalawa noma eminye imikhiqizo umthengi imikhiqizo yayo, kodwa futhi adale ukuthembeka inqubomgomo yayo, uzama ukwakha isithombe uhlobo "isakhamuzi esihle" umbuso, nesebenzela emakethe.

labelwe uhlamvu zezimboni, ukukhululwa kwe-izimpahla, okungenzeka ukuthi abazange babe umehluko kusuka, okwangempela imikhiqizo, kodwa okubi nakakhulu kakhulu izinga, ukuthenga amasampula ukuze ukukopisha okwalandela, kanye asebenzayo kanzima, nabanye izimfihlo zokuhweba phakathi izindlela ezingekho emthethweni non-intengo mncintiswano.

Ngakho, umncintiswano angase eyenziwa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, ngamunye ephethe izici zayo siqu kanye nezinga kahle.