Ezihlukahlukene elula. Izinhlobo, izici nokubaluleka elula

izilwane ezibhekwa eziphilayo bakudala kakhulu owumphumela bangamalungu umbuso. Bakha uhlobo enkulukazi lenyama, ezihlukahlukene esizokucabangela namuhla. I-Latin igama yalolu hlobo - lenyama. Kusukela eziphilayo owumphumela kunzima izilwane ehlukile (lenyama) nezitshalo (Protophyta), avame ezihlanganiswe Protista iqembu. Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso iziteleka elula. Isibalo sabo angaphezu kuka-30 000 zinhlobo, amaningi awo ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama, ngoba ubukhulu kabasebabili ichopho inaliti. Ake sizame ukuchaza kafushane ukuhlukahluka lenyama.

incazelo emfushane elula

Zonke lezi zihlukaniswe 4 amakilasi kuncike yezokuthutha. Sarkodovyh (Sarcodina) ezihambayo ngokusebenzisa pseudopodia; zingabantu lawa ikakhulu khulula eziphilayo uthwebule inyamazane. Flagellates (Mastigophora) bashukunyiswa esebenzisa igama elilodwa noma ngaphezulu flagella. Sporozoa (Sporozoa), futhi ehlanganisa Plasmodium sp, -. Amafomu ezidlayo entula yokuhamba ezincwadini ezikhethekile. Ciliates (Ciliata) ahlanganiswa e ikakhulukazi ezinefomu, okuyinto sishukumiseleka ngokusebenzisa cilia. Ngokufana miniature tube ciliate Stenior, ukusuthisa, izinto ezimila emanzini unamathele ebusweni.

Njengazo zonke ezinye izilwane, lenyama, ngokuvamile ephathekayo, zidla ezihlukahlukene ukudla amakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi. umzimba wabo kuhlukaniswa, ukuhlinzeka ngayo amandla. Zonke ezihlukahlukene izidingo elula imvelo yasemanzini. Nakuba iningi zinhlobo uhlala amanzi zasolwandle noma fresh, eziningi zazo yilezi indlela yisinanakazana wokuphila e izilwane ephakeme, kuhlanganise nabantu, lapho ngokuvamile imbangela yezifo ezihlukahlukene. Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso lenyama pathogenic ezinkulu.

flagellates

Ngu flagellar futhi izinhlobo ezimbili zezinkantolo - Euglena futhi Chlamydomonas, abameleli okuyinto mangqamuzana ane-chlorophyll, futhi ngenxa yalokho labo abazokwazi-photosynthesis. Lihlanganisa futhi flagellates armored (Dinoflagellata), begqoke capsule cellulose kanti ayingxenye plankton. Le ndoda uhlala, okubangela ingalali ukugula, ifomu yisinanakazana ka Trypanosoma (ngezansi).

sarkodovyh

Sarkodovyh - elinye iqembu, lapho inani elikhulu zinhlobo fanele. Konke lokhu ezihlukahlukene kumane Kunzima ukuchaza, ngakho ake ukusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana edume kunazo zonke. Sonke ujwayelene nalesi sarkodovyh omele esikoleni njengomhloli ophilayo amoeba Proteus (ngezansi). Amoeba - elilodwa isilwane okungokukaNkulunkulu uhlobo ezibanzi lenyama, okuyinto uchume nomaphi ngempela ezinomswakama.

osayizi yabo isukela ezincane amagciwane Babesia igazi ukuze foraminifera ezinkulu, ogama amagobolondo 5 cm ubude.

Pod, Dory futhi sporozoans

Pod (Radiolaria) kanye Dory (Heliozoa) abe amathambo endoda Silica. Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi futhi kusetshenziswe njengoba i material athile. Bephonsa wenani imithetho ukushintshashintsha Sporozoa abonise ngezinga eliphezulu ukufana, okuyinto akahlukile the lenyama ukwehluka. lenyama ezidlayo - zonke izinhlobo kuwo. Ngakho-ke sporozoans bantule organelles adingekayo ezinyakazayo namandla: akudingeki ukuhambisa, futhi ukugaya ukudla kakade kugaywe. Ukuphila kwabo umjikelezo ihlanganisa esiteji, ukuzalaniswa kwamahhashi kokubili asexually futhi ngokocansi, okuholela kwetinhlavu ezinhlamvu ukuthi ungaveza emakhulwini amaningi abantu.

Ciliate-slipper

Paramecium (ciliate-izicathulo) - isilwane ezikhethekile owumphumela. On ke ngempela kufanele utshele, echaza ukuhlukahluka lenyama yasemanzini. Olwelwesini okuqukethwe kuseli - ectoplasm - kungagcini igobolondo obukhulu ethwele sebuningini cilia amancane. izimangalo zabo Rhythmic ehlelekile ukuvumela isilwane ukuhambisa. Peristome kuholela ibe yayifanekisela nomxhantela izimpumputhe - emphinjeni sizungezwe endoplasm luyimbudumbudu. izinhlayiya Ukudla kufakwa emphinjeni ngokusebenzisa ciliary ukunyakaza bese ukuwela vacuole. Okuqukethwe vacuoles wokugaya ukudla, ezihambelayo endoplasm eziswini enzyme. Izinsalela Undigested kuthiwa ukhiphe ngokusebenzisa poroshitsu. ibhalansi Water inakekelwa ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi vacuoles ezimbili ejabhile. Kulaba nuclei ezimbili ezinkudlwana (macronucleus) ephathelene umzimba cell, futhi sakugcina (micronucleus) ohilelekile inqubo ngokobulili.

Plasmodium vivax

Cabanga enye indlela eyaziwa, echaza ukuhlukahluka lenyama. lenyama ezidlayo baningi, kodwa amagciwane umalaleveva unika ikakhulukazi asemrarweni kubantu. Plasmodium vivax, ukuthola bungene egazini womuntu emva iluma omiyane bakhe besifazane Anopheles, ingena phakathi amaseli isibindi, lapho liphindaphindeke. Uma wephula esitokisini ethintekile plasmodium futhi ngegciwane amasha. Wabe esethula kaningi eziNcwadini abomvu egazi, siphindaphindeka kubo futhi wabhubhisa. Ekugcineni, kukhona owesilisa nowesifazane ubulili amaseli (gametocytes). Ukuthola igazi kwenye omiyane, gametocytes besilisa ahlukaniswe isisu sakhe, ukwakha gametes. Kusukela umkhiqizo nokuhlanganiswa - the zygote - kukhona plasmodium entsha, engena phakathi ezindlaleni zamathe zikamiyane sika. Futhi kuqhubeke umjikelezo wemvelo.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha elula

Lapho ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual ka lenyama ahlukaniswe isigamu, ukwakha abantu ababili. ukwahlukana okunjalo ngokugcwele kwakhiwa amaseli bese idlulisela protoplasm futhi nucleus. Ngenxa yalokho leli fomu ezifanayo indodakazi amaseli ezimbili. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle abanye flagellates futhi secrete sarkodovyh obukhulu eliqinile emgodleni zokuzivikela (simila) lapho cell kungaba bahlukanise. Lapho injected izimo ezikahle simila uyabhujiswa, futhi kukhona abantu ukuthi ukukhiqiza kabusha asexually.

ukuzala yezindlela elula zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Paramecium, isib by conjugation liphindaphindeke: abantu ababili okuqondene imigqa ehlukene uhlangane izinhlangothi, bese emva ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo kanye zenuzi impahla exchange washintsha. Kamuva bobabili abalingani ungaba, bakhiqize bafike ayisishiyagalombili (ezine ngamunye) ka zezinhlobo ezihambisana banezimfanelo nuclei nge ufuzo okuxubile. Amoeba, baveze asexually, ihlukaniswe amaseli ezimbili indodakazi. Sinenkosi ubukhulu efanayo. Ngesikhathi ukuqoqwa oqala core, okuyinto kuba elifushane futhi mkhulu avele chromosome; ngamunye yakhiwa chromatids ezimbili. vacuole ejabhile wahlukene, neengcezu yayo ngaphandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphandle kanye chromatids, futhi cytoplasm iqala isigamu pereshnurovyvatsya. Lesi sigaba ekupheleni-chromosomes ahlukaniswe futhi cytoplasm. I kwaphumela indodakazi amaseli ayafana yini.

amandla elula

Njengezinye izilwane, lenyama ukuthola amandla, ukudla compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi organic. Amoeba sp. pseudopodia ithumba izinhlayiyana zokudla, futhi kugaywe ku vacuoles wokugaya ukudla ezihilela enzyme. Paramecium sp. Cishe ihlala ikakhulukazi ngenxa amagciwane, ukushayela nabo ukunyakaza Cirrus ka cilia. Trichonympha sp. Cishe ihlala esiswini ka umuhlwa futhi usuthisa ngayo izinto ezingenziwanga amuncwa aphethe. Acineta sp. (Ngezansi) isetshenziswa ukudla kuphela uhlobo oluthile ciliates, okuyizinto ngezinye izikhathi iba ngaphezu ngokwabo.

ukunyakaza

Lo mnyakazo elula ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko. Sarkodovyh "ungangena" ngokusebenzisa kumiswa amaqhubu protoplasm. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela adalwe isiqondiso zamanje ohlangothini olulodwa zibe ukuguqulwa yayo endoplasmic esethola azungeze endaweni ectoplasm gelatinous. Ngenxa umthelela abukhali we flagellates msila hambisa. I ciliates bashukunyiswa oscillating sebuningini cilia amancane.

Lamagciwane

izici Jikelele ezihlukahlukene futhi nje kudingeka eyayihambisana indatshana lamagciwane, avame udidekile nabo. Bakhulule asemrarweni kumuntu, kodwa inendima ekhethekile endalweni. Lamagciwane - eziphilayo kulencane emhlabeni. Nakuba kuba kuqhathaniswa lula nezidalwa zihlelekile, yini ngibenze lasekuqaleni. Ziyakwazi ayakwazi ukuqhubeka ephila ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle neze, futhi umthamo omkhulu ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kubabeka belingana amafomu kakhulu-eziphambili futhi kuphumelele. Amagciwane - akusiwona amaseli, ngakho-ke abakwazi kukhonjwe owumphumela, kodwa amagciwane kubhekwe njengento ezinjalo. Nokho, akuzona elula, ngoba awanayo i-nucleus. Sizokwenza bakutshele okwengeziwe ngabo.

Owakhiwe ngemagciwane

Ngokungafani amagciwane amagciwane - iseli. Nokho, ziyisici isakhiwo lula kakhulu ukwedlula amaseli yezidalwa ehleleke kakhulu, futhi zihlukahlukene kakhulu ngobukhulu futhi ukuma. Kamuva amagciwane zitholakala yonke indawo. Abakwazi ukuphila ngisho ngaphansi kwezimo lapho avimbele khona izinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Bahlanganyela olwandle, ngisho nalapho 9 km ukujula. Nezimo eziwohlokayo kwemvelo amagciwane yakha yokuphumula esiteji esitebeleni - endospores. Kuyinto esitebeleni kunazo labaphilayo eziphilayo okwaziwayo: ezinye endospores angafi ngisho nalapho abilisiwe.

Kuzo zonke izindawo okungenzeka okuyingozi kakhulu - nezinye umzimba. Ama-bacterium bangene kuvamise ngesilonda. Kodwa, njengoba beye ithole ngaphakathi, kufanele sidudule nokuvikeleka isisulu, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene phagocytes (amaseli uyakwazi athumba futhi eziswini) kanye namasosha omzimba ukuthi singadambisa imiphumela zazo eziyingozi. Ngakho-ke, ezinye amagciwane sizungezwe ngaphandle mucosa, invulnerable ukuba phagocytes; abanye ngemuva kokuthwebula zabo by phagocytes kungaba nihlale kuzo; Ekugcineni, owesithathu ukumaska umkhiqizo izinto ezibasiza ukufihla khona yayo amaseli onegciwane, kanti isixuku esikhulu awakhiqizi amasosha omzimba.

amagciwane ayingozi futhi inenzuzo

Kamuva amagciwane angadala umonakalo ngezindlela ezintathu: isibonelo, ukuvaleka iziteshi ezahlukene ezibalulekile emzimbeni ngenxa inani elikhulu; ukukhulula ezinobuthi (ubuthi inhlabathi igciwane Clostridium tetani (ngezansi) okubangela ngqi, ibhekisela ubuthi ezinamandla kunazo zonke ezaziwayo isayensi); kanye ukukhuthazwa ziyabagulisa izisulu.

Esikhathini esithile ezifeni microbial babe imithi elwa namagciwane ngempumelelo, amagciwane amaningi ziye zafunda ukumelana izinhlobo eziningi zezidakamizwa. Bona ukukhiqiza kabusha masinyane, ukuhlanganyela izimo ezikahle njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engu-10. Yiqiniso, amathuba okuthi ukubukeka lwezinto eziguqulwe izakhi amelana ethile elwa namagciwane okufakwa ekudleni iyakhula. Kodwa akubona bonke amagciwane abahlala nezinye izinto eziphilayo, ziyingozi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-pheshana emathunjini inkomo, imvu noma imbuzi linomnyango ekhethekile - isibazi, lapho eziningi zama-bacterium ahlala ukuthi usizo izilwane ukugaya isitshalo fibre.

mycoplasma

Mycoplasma - ezincane kunazo zonke bonke eziphilayo amaselula kanye, mhlawumbe, isigaba zesikhashana phakathi amagciwane namagciwane - yendalo e angcolile, kodwa kungangena izilwane futhi kubenze izifo ezifana, isibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo ze-arthritis izingulube.

amagciwane Meaning

Ngenxa la magciwane ukubola izidumbu zawo abuyela inhlabathi equkethwe ndaba therein organic. Ngaphandle kwale umjikelezo njalo yokwakha izinto eziphilayo lalingekho amayunithi. umsebenzi ngamunye ebalulekile yamagciwane kabanzi yokuguqula organic okulahlwayo ku imikhiqizo ewusizo phakathi Composting, okwenza ushizi, ibhotela, uviniga.

Ekuphetheni

Njengoba ubona, ezihlukahlukene kanye ukubaluleka okukhulu elula. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi osayizi yabo incane kakhulu, badlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni ukuphila kule planethi yethu. Yiqiniso, thina chaza kafushane kuphela ukuhlukahluka protozoan. Sithemba ukuthi babethanda ukubazi kangcono. Systematics nokuhlukahluka kwezinto elula - i sihloko ezithakazelisayo futhi ebanzi.