Ingqikithi ubushiqela iqembu. Izici wezombusazwe futhi ubushiqela iqembu

Yini luwumgogodla ubushiqela iqembu? Embusweni lapho inhlangano yezombangazwe abafuna amandla siqu, ke eyoqeda khona bonke izimbangi zakhe futhi coalesces nge apharathasi isimo. Isibonelo okuphawuleka kakhulu umyalo onjalo kuyinto eSoviet Union.

Isibonelo amaBolshevik

Ukuze uqonde okushiwo ubushiqela beqembu, cabanga ngesibonelo KwamaBolshevik Party ngokuningiliziwe, waqala ukubusa ngo-Russia ngo-1917. Abaholi balezi RSDLP (b) ngeke kubhekwe nangayiphi indlela abaphikisi babo. Lapho kwakukhona October Revolution, ingxenye umphakathi namanje ofukamela banenkolelo yokuthi Lenin nabangane bakhe bahlela umsebenzi we ababamele LoMhlangano. Lokhu sidumbu usebenzisa inqubo yentando yeningi ukunquma ikusasa zezombusazwe yeRussia.

I ababamele LoMhlangano uye wasebenza ngosuku olulodwa kuphela. Lalihlanganisa hhayi kuphela amaBolshevik, kodwa futhi SRS. Ayekholelwa nawukuthi ukubukwa leftist, kodwa ukuthi awavumelani nokubekelwa Lenin ezindabeni ezithile wezimiso. Ikakhulu, i-SRS enqabe khona ukuqaphela izimiso lokuqala amandla Soviet. Iningi ivoti le ababamele LoMhlangano akhethwe engusihlalo walo ummeleli Victor Chernov.

Lapho RSDLP (b) ukubona ukuthi igunya entsha iba ukuphikiswa, kwanqunywa ukuthi noma yini ukuze overclock. Iziphathimandla Oku savimbela imihlangano imiboniso e Petrograd. Zamaphini zaxoshwa enkantolo ngosuku olulandelayo emva kokuqala umsebenzi. Le ndaba emfushane baduma ngenxa ibinzana "Unogada ekhathele." Uqinisile Ukuvikelwa wagomela ukuvalwa okwesikhashana we Tauride Palace, esihlalweni ephalamende.

ukwesaba isimo

Kamuva kwacaca ukuthi ababamele LoMhlangano owayehlakazekile ngokuphelele. Petrograd izakhamizi labetibambile imiboniso eziningana futhi imibuthano ekusekeleni umzimba ummeleli. Bobabili badutshulwe izingxenye Riflemen Latvian. Babulawa, ngokusho kombiko ahlukahlukene, esuka kubantu 8 kuya ku-20.

Kulesi wabonakaliswa okushiwo angabhekani nosizi lokukhulelwa ubushiqela iqembu. AmaBolshevik akazange ufuna ukwabelana amandla bavuma ukuba achithe yonke kwabaphikisi bakhe. Terror - isimiso kuyisihluthulelo uma kuziwa inhlangano ubushiqela ashaqe amandla kunoma isiphi isimo.

Ban wokuxoxa

Nokho, ngisho nangemva kokuba zisakaza we ababamele Assembly, amanye amaqembu epolitiki Russian besendle zomthetho. Bangase izimbangi sina ukuze amaBolshevik emzabalazweni umphakathi obabheka ngayo. Kwakuwusuku Mensheviks futhi SRS. Ngendlela we RSDLP (b) ababhubhise futhi wembula umnyombo walokho ubushiqela party.

Ngesikhathi SRS futhi Mensheviks kwaba kuphela indlela non-wezempi khona amandla okubusa. Lawa kwakungamadodana amathiphu. Lemigwamanda seziye zaphenduka umshini wokubhala, izitembu amavoti kunesidingo. Ubushiqela yesigaba sabasebenzi kwaba iqembu ukuthi wawuvinjelwe ezingxoxweni, uma isinqumo selithathiwe "ngaphezulu" kukomidi Central.

KwamaBolshevik abaphikisi ngempumelelo kabusha abaqokelwe abaseSoviet baqala ukushintsha isimo sabo. Isimo i-Lenin nabasekeli bakhe baba esintengayo kakhulu. Isimo engangibhekene naso namanje okubi ngoba amaKhomanisi elawulwa kuphela Petrograd naseMoscow, ngesikhathi lonke elikhulu yezwe ukunyakaza White babekhona.

Ukuhlanganisa beqembu nesimo

Ngo-May 1918, Zinoviev kuqhathaniswa Amathiphi kusuka House of Lords ePhalamende LaseBrithani. Abakhethiwe ezimele ngaphansi ukulawula amaBolshevik. Kule ndaba, le ubuholi beqembu isinqumo ukuqalisa isiteleka preemptive. Entwasahlobo ka-1918 Kuboshwe abaholi Assembly of naboKomitjhinara lapho iningi wathembela ukuphikiswa.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, inqubo efana apharathasi party nesimo. Yabantu Commissariat Wezokuvikela kanye noMkhandlu we Yabantu Commissars babe ngokuphelele kwamaBolshevik. amalungu Party ngokwethukela ngokuba yingxenye kwenchubokuphatsa futhi ngesilwane esifuywayo. Ngu-1920, lapho IX iCongress of the RCP (b), uMkhandlu uzothola zonke kwamaBolshevik yesibili (futhi kuzona zonke izingxenye zenhlangano, kwakukhona u-98% inani eliphelele amasekela). Futhi kuphela ilungu ngalinye lweshumi party wasebenza ekukhiqizweni.

I ukubusa abophiko lwezokuphepha

Esikhathini esizayo, ngokuyisisekelo ubushiqela we Party we 1920 kwaba ukusebenzisa amasevisi akhethekile apharathasi zokucindezela. AmaBolshevik awuseyena yayikhona Cheka. I-KGB wayekhathazeke kakhulu le Mensheviks futhi SRS. inethiwekhi enkulu kubo ulwazi udaliwe. Ngezinye abalulekile ukuphikiswa eqoqwe nokunyundela ekubalahleni ngamunye.

Ubushiqela we kwamaBolshevik Party, kwakheka ngo-1922 ngokusemthethweni. Khona-ke Lenin wathi wokuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela ukuze baqhathe revolution emhlabeni - ukudala esihlanganisiwe lamaKhomanisi enhlangano yezombusazwe. Summer waqala umbukiso nokulingwa ngokumelene Socialist-mbuso. Abantu abanale mibono kabanzi wamboza cindezela, kwaba futhi inkulumo-ze nemvelo. Emphakathini, kukhona isithombe izitha futhi amambuka nobani-ke kwakudingekile ukuba zijezise. Kamuva, lo mkhuba isetjentiswe ngempumelelo hhayi kuphela maqondana abaphikisi professional zezombusazwe, kodwa futhi zonke izakhamuzi, unganelisekile kuhulumeni.

Ingcindezelo umelane nabaphikisana

Ingcindezelo ngokumelene ukunyakaza ukuphikiswa walungisiswa "bakwazi wamavukelambuso 'nezinye iziqubulo elikhulu. Ngemva abaholi ye-Socialist-mbuso batholwe benecala, isevisi Soviet imfihlo ihlelwe iCongress of the ingxenye party, okuyinto wayekulungele uhlangane ne amaBolshevik. Lezi Socialists ngokuthi "Initsiativniki". Bona ziyoncibilika iqembu wajoyina amaKhomanisi. Ngokufanayo, isiphetho Mensheviks athuthukile.

ESoviet Union kwakukhona iqembu elilodwa kuphela. Kodwa ngisho ngaphakathi RCP (B) wethulwa inqubo efanayo. Ngo-1924, ngemva kokufa Lenin phakathi igagasi lokuqala amaBolshevik emzabalazweni.

Inner-yokuhlanza

Umzabalazo e kwababusi VKP (b) Waba engaphansi uhlamvu nomphakathi njengoba ubuntu. Nokho, lapho Stalin waba umholi autocratic beqembu, futhi besusa izingxoxo theory. Abaphikisi batholwe benecala futhi wabulawa esikhathini esiningi kule 30s. Izici wezombusazwe futhi ngokuyisisekelo beqembu ubushiqela kwaholela ubushiqela ngomuntu oyedwa.

Abaphikisi eyinhloko Stalin ekuqaleni kwaba Leon Trotsky. He is belingana Lenin wahlela Okthoba Revolution, kuyilapho Koba akazange athi wafika ubuholi. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu, Trotsky wokuqala ngaphansi ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Okwamanje zokugcina wakwazi ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Kuze kwaba seminyakeni embalwa izinguquko wahlala eMexico aze ubulawa-ejenti Soviet ngo-1940.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezinye izimiso ngenhla akhiwa amaBolshevik yasetshenziswa kamuva waphumelela zibulawa amaNazi sokubusa kwamaNazi. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla ubushiqela we Party lingandile kangako. Namuhla, izwe nge isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona kuba China lamakhomanisi, lapho zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni nazo ukuganga nokuthela iqembu ukuphikiswa ovinjelwe kulo.