Isakhiwo hlobo lwezintaba-mlilo. Izinhlobo kanye nezinhlobo nokuqhuma. Uyini-mlilo?

AmaRoma asendulo, ukubukela kusukela esiqongweni sentaba esibhakabhakeni ubona intuthu emnyama umlilo, wayekholelwa ukuthi phambi kwabo emnyango esihogweni, noma ophethe Vulcan - unkulunkulu smithing nomlilo. Ukuze kuhlonishwe entabeni yakhe nomlilo-ukuphefumula futhi ngokuthi namanje mlilo.

Kulesi sihloko siyaphi, yini isakhiwo intaba-mlilo, futhi sibheke wentaba yayo.

izintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo kanye yokuqothulwa

Emhlabeni, izintabamlilo eziningi, kokubili ithule futhi esebenzayo. Eruption ngamunye wabo kungathatha izinsuku, izinyanga, ngisho neminyaka (isibonelo, etholakala kuleli qoqo leziqhingi Hawaiian iKilauea intabamlilo waphaphama emuva ngo-1983 futhi namanje linomsebenzi eliwenzayo akagcini). Ngemva kwalokho, imigodi yezintaba-mlilo-mlilo kungenza ukumisa imigqa amashumi eminyaka, ukuba aphinde sizikhumbuze ukukhululwa entsha.

Nakuba Yiqiniso, zikhona zokwakheka Geological, omsebenzi wakhe kuholele esikhathini eside esadlulako. Abaningi babo ngesikhathi esifanayo wawusanamathele umumo Isigaxa, kodwa kanjani ngempela kuqhuma yabo, akukho lwazi. Lezi izintaba-mlilo abhekwa yokuqothulwa. Njengoba isibonelo Mount Elbrus futhi Kazbek, isikhathi eside embozwe izinguzunga zeqhwa shining. Futhi eCrimea kanye Trans-iBaikal esifundeni kuthiwa kakhulu kwaluqeda futhi wabhubhisa izintabamlilo zonke elahlekile umumo wazo wangempela.

Yiziphi mlilo

Kuye isakhiwo, umsebenzi kanye nendawo, e geomorphology (okuthiwa isayensi ukuthi izifundo echazwe zokwakheka Geological) abelwe izinhlobo ngabanye hlobo lwezintaba-mlilo.

Nakubukwa jikelele, basuke ngamaqembu amabili main: komugqa nemaphakathi. Nakuba Yiqiniso, lokhu kuqhekeka cishe kakhulu, njengoba iningi lawo komugqa zomhlaba crustal amaphutha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umahluko has yegilo kanye nesakhiwo oluyingungu intaba-mlilo, kanye nalokho okuthiwa ilahle Izigaxa futhi stratovolcanoes. Ngokusho umsebenzi wabo lichazwa ngokuthi esebenzayo, ithule noma yokuqothulwa, futhi endaweni - njengoba eliwumhlaba, umkhumbi-ngwenya futhi subglacial.

Uyini umehluko kusukela maphakathi izintaba-mlilo komugqa

Ukuthuthukiswa (ukuqhekeka) izintabamlilo njengoba umthetho, musa bavuke okusezingeni eliphezulu ngaphezu komhlabathi - banayo ifomu imifantu. Isakhiwo mlilo yalolu hlobo akufaki iziteshi supply eside ezihlobene ne yokuhlukanisa ezijulile ungqimba lomhlaba, kusukela lapho uthela i magma uketshezi, has a Ukwakheka basaltic. It elulela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi futhi eqinisa, ukwakha lava notshwala, okwesula ehlathini, ukugcwalisa ngalo ingaphakathi, abhubhise emfuleni futhi emzaneni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi ukwanda nokuqhuma komugqa ku surface eMhlabeni singenzeka imigodi alufakwa kokuba ubude amashumi amaningana amakhilomitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuqhume intabamlilo isakhiwo kanye imifantu ukuhlobisa imiphini flat lava Amasimu, ezibanzi flat spray Izigaxa, isinyathelo esinqala sokushintsha landscape. By endleleni, ingxenye eyinhloko sendawo Iceland - kuyinto lava Amathafa okubangelwa ngale ndlela.

Uma ngezinye magma Ukwakheka kuyinto azibukhali ngaphezulu (okusezingeni eliphezulu Silica okuqukethwe), khona-ke naseduzane komlomo extrusive akhulise wentaba-mlilo (ngamanye amazwi, isibambo) imiphini kokuba isakhiwo okuxekethile.

Isakhiwo emaphakathi-uhlobo wentaba-mlilo

Vulcan uhlobo central - kuyinto tapered kumiswa Geological okuyinto phezulu imiqhele wentaba - ikhefu kokuba ukuma uphondo noma inkomishi. Kuyinto, ngenhlanhla kancane kancane wathutha phezulu, njengoba ikhula ukwakhiwa wentaba-mlilo uqobo, futhi ubukhulu bawo zingase zihluke ngokuphelele futhi kulinganiswa ngamamitha noma amakhilomitha.

imigodi yezintaba-mlilo wentaba-mlilo akhiwa ngesikhathi kuqhuma kuye nokuthi kungaba ngisho nasemithambekeni yezintaba-mlilo, kuleso simo bebizwa yisinanakazana noma eceleni.

Deep eentabeni wentaba-mlilo ngumlomo ngawo evuka emgodini, magma. Magma - mass umlilo oncibilikisiwe kokuba mhlawumbe ngohlobo silicate. It ozelwe uqweqwe eMhlabeni, lapho focus yakhe, futhi wakhuphukela phezulu, ngesimo lava wathululelwa komhlaba.

Eruption, ngokuvamile uhambisana ukukhululwa spray esihle magma akha umlotha bese kuthi amagesi okuyinto, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi 98% lamanzi. Basuke bajoyine ezihlukahlukene ukungcola ngesimo ishq umlotha wentaba-mlilo nothuli.

Yini enquma ukuma-mlilo

Ubujamo intabamlilo incike ukwakheka kanye viscosity we magma. Ogelezayo basalt magma yakha isihlangu (noma tabular) mlilo. Ayevame abe ukuma flat kanti isiyingi esikhulu. Izibonelo emelela zalezi zinhlobo izintabamlilo singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela kumiswa Geological, esisogwini Islands Hawaiian futhi njengoba Loa ezaziwayo.

Scoria Izigaxa - owande kakhulu intabamlilo. Basuke imiswe phakathi neminyaka kuqhuma imvuthuluka enkulu slag ukungena nakwamanye amazwe, okuyinto, enqwabelanisa, uthango + nxazonke wentaba Isigaxa, futhi akha ingxenye encane emagqumeni olwehlelayo. Kubikwa ukuthi lokhu kuqhuma Volcano zonke iba ephakeme. Isibonelo yayiyobizwa yasha ngoDisemba 2012 e eKamchatka intabamlilo Flat Tolbachik.

izici isakhi Dome futhi stratovolcanoes

Futhi edumile yaseNtabeni Etna, Mount Fuji futhi eduze kweNtaba iVesuvius cishe - yisibonelo stratovolcanoes. Zibizwa ngokuthi laminates, njengoba akhiwa ngezikhathi regurgitates lava (viscous futhi ngokushesha solidifying) kanye impahla pyroclastic, okuyinto inhlanganisela igesi kushisa umlotha amatshe.

Ngenxa yalokho, lezo zinhlobo kwekhabhoni nokuqhuma abanjalo Isigaxa elibukhali emithambekeni phakathi, futhi lapho enye idatha sebethule. A lava elandelayo kuzo hhayi kuphela ngokusebenzisa wentaba eyinhloko, kodwa futhi kusukela imifantu yokuzigxilisa ngesikhathi emithambekeni futhi obumba imihubhe ribbed kulo abakhonza kwesekelwa lokuniketwa kumiswa umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Dome izintaba-mlilo akhiwa esebenzisa viscous granitic magma okungahambisani ageleze Phansi emithambekeni yezintaba, futhi osemanzi phezulu, ukwakha Dome okuyinto, efana kukakhokho, izimbobo clog futhi bouncers ekugcineni Skopje ngaphansi amagesi. Isibonelo salokhu mkhuba kungenzeka Dome, kwakheka phezu intabamlilo St. Helens ukuthi U.S ntshonalanga (ke kwamiswa 1980) okuyinto.

Uyini lo mgodi

Okungenhla-echazwe izintaba-mlilo emaphakathi ngokuvamile oyindilinga. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi phakathi nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo we izindonga zezindlu yehla, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka mgodi - ngaba nokucindezeleka okukhulu ukuthi ongafinyelela ekujuleni izinkulungwane amamitha kanye ububanzi of 16 km.

Of otshele ngaphambilini, khumbula ukuthi e-isakhiwo emgodini wentaba-mlilo esikhulu ingxenye lapho liphuma phakathi kuqhuma magma esibunjiweyo. Lapho bonke magma iphezulu, kukhona nesikhulu isizungu ngaphakathi intabamlilo. Yilokho impela futhi owayengahluleka ichopho futhi izindonga izintaba-mlilo, ukwakha ngaphezulu izungezwe izinsalela ngozi olubanzi kotloobraznye ingaphakathi nge phansi owendlalekile.

Elikhulu kunawo wonke kuze kube manje kukhona LaseToba mgodi, esisogwini esiqhingini saseSumatra (Indonesia) futhi ngokupheleleyo dibikeza nga chichiza. Obakheka ngale ndlela echibini has a usayizi olubabazeka kakhulu: 100/30 km kanye 500 m ukujula.

Yiziphi fumarole

imigodi yezintaba-mlilo Volcanic, nemithambeka zabo, unyawo udiliza le selehlile lava notshwala futhi ngokuvamile limbozwa imifantu noma izimbobo, zazo wakhipha ku magma ziyoncibilika amagesi esishisayo. Lezi ngokuthi fumaroles.

Ngokuvamile phezu ezinkulu izimbobo amafu thick umusi omhlophe, ngoba magma, njengoba sekushiwo, iqukethe eziningi amanzi. Kodwa ngaphandle fumaroles yayo iwumthombo kwekhabhoni-carbon dioxide, oxides ezihlukahlukene sulphur, hydrogen sulfide ne-hydrogen halides namanye amakhemikhali kungaba yingozi kubantu.

By the way, mlilo zikholelwa ukuthi angene nokwakheka fumaroles intabamlilo ukwenza kube ephephile njengoba amagesi ukuthola indlela yokuphuma futhi musa buthelela ku yembathani entabeni, ukwakha bubble ukuthi uyogcina umkhiphe lava kwamanzi.

mlilo ezinjalo zihlanganisa edumile avachinsky, okuyinto engekude Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Smoke, ezingqubuzanayo ezaziyaluzisa phezu kwalo, kungabonwa ngosuku olucwathile amashumi amakhilomitha.

amabhomu Volcanic zifakwe isakhiwo mlilo eMhlabeni

Uma eside ithule intabamlilo Kuqhuma ke ukuqhuma eshisayo yayo lindiza okuthiwa amabhomu mlilo. Zakhiwa tho lava amadwala noma imfucumfucu emoyeni futhi eqina lungaba esingamathani ambalwa. Isimo sabo kuncike onjani lava kwengoma.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma ketshezi kanye lava akanalo isikhathi esanele ukuze kuphole emoyeni - okuyinto wawa phansi ibhomu wentaba-mlilo iphenduka ibe ikhekhe. A ongaphakeme viscosity basalt lava uphendukisa emoyeni, kanjalo ukuthatha ukuma nesisontekile, noma abe njengomuntu lokuphotha noma ipheya. Viscous efanayo - andesite - lava izingcezu kukhona ngemuva kokungaboni isinkwa uqweqwe like (zingabantu round noma polyhedral futhi wambozwa imifantu inethiwekhi).

Usayizi ubukhulu amabhomu mlilo kungenza sifinyelele amamitha eziyisikhombisa, futhi kukhona lezi zokwakheka emithambekeni cishe zonke izintaba-mlilo.

Izinhlobo mlilo

Njengoba kuveziwe incwadi "Izimiso Geology", okuyinto ubheka isakhiwo kanye nezinhlobo nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, Koronovskii NV, zonke izinhlobo izakhiwo wentaba-mlilo ezakhiwe iqhuma ahlukahlukene. 6 izinhlobo ivelele phakathi kwabo.

1. Hawaiian uhlobo kuqhuma - ekushayweni lava uketshezi kakhulu neselula, okudala ezinkulukazi isihlangu izintaba-mlilo ukuba simise flat.
2. uhlobo Stramboliansky - kukhululwe lava viscous ngaphezulu ukuthi odlulela ezahlukene amandla kuqhuma, okubangela uzamcolo ifomu.
3. uhlobo Plinian elichaza ukuqhuma kungazelelwe onamandla ahambisana ekushayweni semali tephra (material okuxekethile) kanye ukubukeka notshwala yayo.
4. Peleysky uhlobo kuqhuma ephelezelwa ukwakheka izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze namafu ohangulayo ashisayo, futhi ukukhula domes extrusive udaka viscous.
5. Negesi uhlobo - it is kuphela kokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo imvuthuluka yamadwala amadala, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa amagesi ziyoncibilika ku magma, noma okweqile ngaphakathi isakhiwo komhlaba intabamlilo.
6. Eruption ukushisa yokucucuza. Kuyinto efanayo ukuze ekushayweni we aerosol ehlanganisa ilula izingcezu, amaminerali kanye oblomochkov ephezulu lokushisa ingilazi mlilo, lizungezwe emgodleni gas kukhanya. Kubikwa ukuthi lokhu kuqhuma kwakuthé chithi saka esikhathini esidlule, kodwa kwase kuyisikhathi eside isithuthwane okuphawulwe abantu ezikhathini zanamuhla.

Lapho kwakukhona mlilo edume kakhulu

Iminyaka Engu-mlilo angakwazi mhlawumbe ukuthi lalotshwa mlando ebalulekile emlandweni wesintu, ngoba isikhathi ukushintsha isimo sezulu, babhubha isibalo esikhulu sabantu, ngisho angasulwa impucuko eMhlabeni (ngoba, ngenxa ukuqhuma kwenzeka intaba-mlilo giant elahlekile Minoan impucuko 15 noma 16 c. BC. Oe).

Ngo-79 g we n. e. eduze Naples iVesuvius kuqhuma kwenzeke, engcwaba imitha nesikhombisa ungqimba umlotha yasePompeii, eHerculaneum, Stabia futhi Oplonti, okuholela ekufeni ezinkulungwane zabantu.

Ngo 1669, ukuqhuma eziningana Mount Etna, futhi ngo-1766 - intaba-mlilo Mayon (Philippines) saholela ekubhujisweni sethusa futhi ukufa by lava ageleza izinkulungwane zabantu.

Ngo 1783 intaba-mlilo Laki, yamila e-Iceland kuye kubange ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa, okwaholela ngo-1784 kuya ukungakhuli kwezitshalo nendlala eYurophu.

A intabamlilo tambora ku Sumbawa isiqhingi, uvuka ngo 1815 washiya kunyaka ozayo sonke Earth ngaphandle ehlobo, ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa emhlabeni 2.5 ° C.

Ngo-1991, intabamlilo nge Philippine esiqhingini yeLuzon ukuqhuma yabo kwehlisa okwesikhashana, Nokho, kakade 0,5 ° C.