Intaba-mlilo tambora. Tambora ukuqhuma ngo 1815

Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule phansi kwaba senzakalo esimangalisayo yemvelo - tambora kuqhuma lokhu kwathinta sezulu yonke le mbulunga nokumangalelwe amashumi ezinkulungwane izimpilo zabantu.

I ezindawo indawo intaba-mlilo

Tambora intabamlilo esengxenyeni olusenyakatho lwalesi siqhingi Indonesia Sumbawa, ngesikhathi Peninsula Sangar. Kuyadingeka ukucacisa ngokushesha ukuthi tambora hhayi mlilo enkulu kunazo zonke esifundeni, Indonesia kunezintaba-mlilo ezingaba ngu-400 futhi iyizwe elikhulu kubo, Kerinci, yeSumatra liphuma khona.

Self Peninsula Sangar ububanzi km 36, nobude has a ubude 86 km. Ukuphakama intabamlilo efanayo tambora ngo-Ephreli 1815 safinyelela 4300 amamitha, tambora intabamlilo ukuqhuma ngo 1815 zakunciphisa yokuphakama kwawo kuze kube lamanje 2700 amamitha.

Ukuqala kuqhuma

Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, wonke umsebenzi elikhulayo le ntaba-mlilo tambora Apreli 5, 1815 engalele ngokugcwele lapho kwakukhona ukuqhuma kokuqala, eyathatha amahora 33. Ukuqhuma intaba-mlilo tambora ikhiqize intuthu nomlotha ikholomu wasukuma ukuze ukuphakama mayelana 33 km. Nokho, abantu abaseduze akazange bashiye amakhaya abo, naphezu intabamlilo e-Indonesia, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, mlilo kwakungeyona into engavamile.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abangaphezu kuka ekuqaleni babesaba abantu ababekuwo ibanga. Nokuxokozela kwabantu ukuqhuma intabamlilo lezwakala esiqhingini Java emzini ezinabantu abaningi ka Yogyakarta. Izakhamuzi banquma ezwa umsindo izibhamu. Kule ndaba ziye amasosha siphapheme futhi bagijima ngasogwini kusesho lwemikhumbi umkhumbi ekucindezelekeni. Nokho, wabonwa ngosuku olulandelayo, Ash aphakanyisiwe isizathu sangempela ukuqhuma ezwa umsindo.

Tambora intabamlilo wahlala isimo ethule izinsuku ezimbalwa ezengeziwe, kuze April 10. Iqiniso lokuthi lokhu akuzange kwaholela ukuqhuma lava ugeleza, ke simile emgodini wentaba, sandla ingcindezi ukugcwala kwamanzi futhi ingqondo entsha, kepha wesabeka nakakhulu kuqhuma okwenzeka.

Ngo-April 10, angu-10 ngehora lesine ekuseni kwakukhona kuqhuma entsha, kulokhu yomusi nomlotha wasukuma ukuze ukuphakama mayelana 44 km. Thunder kubona ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu okuzwakele ku esiqhingini saseSumatra. Ngesikhathi esifanayo endaweni kuqhuma le ntaba (Mount tambora) ebalazweni maqondana yeSumatra itholakala kule ndawo ekude, at ibanga 2500 km.

Ngokusho ofakazi, ngesikhathi eziyisikhombisa kusihlwa ngalolo suku, ukushuba kuqhuma liye landa, futhi eziyisishiyagalombili kusihlwa esiqhingini wawisa isichotho zamatshe, ububanzi lapho ifinyelela 20 cm, kumele kabusha wathela umlotha. Ngu zasebusuku eziyishumi phezu intabamlilo liphuma esibhakabhakeni izinhlu ezintathu somlilo ahlanganisiwe aba yinto eyodwa futhi le ntaba-mlilo tambora yaphenduka mass "umlilo ewuketshezi." Mayelana eziyisikhombisa imifula Udaka oluncibilikayo yaqala ukusakaza kuzo zonke izindawo emhlabeni intabamlilo, ekubhubhiseni sonke isibalo sabantu, inhlonhlo ye-Sangar. Ngisho ulwandle udaka kwasakazekela kubantu km 40 kulesi siqhingi, futhi iphunga isici angase wazizwa ngisho eBatavia (igama endala Jakarta, inhlokodolobha), elise at ibanga 1,300 km.

Ukuphela ukuqhuma

Ngemva komunye kwezinsuku ezimbili, April 12, tambora intabamlilo kwaba sisasebenza. umlotha ifu liye lasakazekela olusentshonalanga Java kanye eningizimu Sulawesi, okuyinto 900 km kusuka intabamlilo. Ngokusho izakhamuzi, kwakungenakwenzeka ukubona kokusa ngaphambi 10 ekuseni, ngisho inyoni beqalisa cishe kwaze kwaba semini. Yaphela ngokukhululwa kuqhuma kuphela, ngo-15 Ephreli, umlotha kungukuthi ixazululwe kuze April 17. Kwakheka emva kuqhuma intaba-mlilo ifinyelele emlonyeni 6 km ububanzi namamitha angu-600 ezijulile.

Izisulu tambora intabamlilo

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi kuqhuma esiqhingini kwabulawa abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-11, kodwa lokho isibalo izisulu wawunganikezwanga. Kamuva, ngenxa yendlala kubhubhane esiqhingini Sumbawa, futhi lesi siqhingi elingumakhelwane Lombok, ebulala abantu ababalelwa 50,000, futhi imbangela yokufa lalilide ngemuva ukuqhuma tsunami, ogama imiphumela ukusakaza amakhulu amakhilomitha emhlabeni.

inhlekelele nemiphumela Physics

Lapho tambora kuqhuma okwenzeka ngo 1815, ukukhulula ubungako bamandla 800 megatons, angafaniswa ekuqhumeni 50,000 amabhomu e-athomu like Hiroshima. Lokhu kuqhuma kwaba izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili namandla kunomFilisti kuqhuma owaziwa mlilo iVesuvius, futhi kane onamandla ngaphezu nalokho okwenzeka ngemva kokuba kuqhuma Krakatoa.

Eruption tambora ephakanyiswe emoyeni 160 cubic amakhilomitha okuqinile umlotha ukujiya safinyelela esiqhingini 3 metres. Itilosi ababekhuphuke ngenkathi nohambo lwasolwandle, eminyakeni embalwa wahlangana isendleleni esiqhingini ilula, okuyinto kwafinyelela izinga amakhilomitha amahlanu.

amanani Incredible umlotha nesibabule amagesi ifinyelele Stratosphere, njengoba ephakama ukuphakama ezingaphezu kuka-40 km. Ashes embozwe ilanga kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kukhona at ibanga km 600 emhlabeni intabamlilo. Futhi emhlabeni wonke kwaba khona ufasimbe umbala owolintshi kanye kwelanga abomvu.

"Unyaka ngaphandle ehlobo"

Izigidi zamathani sulphur dioxide sasikhipha ngesikhathi kuqhuma, kuzo zombili lezi 1815 safinyelela Ecuador, futhi ngonyaka olandelayo ngenxa yalokhu kuguquka kwesimo sezulu e-Europe, lomkhuba owawubizwa ngokuthi ke "ngonyaka ngaphandle ehlobo."

Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, bese kwehla eqhweni ensundu ngisho libomvana Okhahlamba LwaseSwitzerland ehlobo cishe masonto onke kwakukhona iqhwa kanye lokushisa eYurophu kwakuyi aphansi by 2-4 degrees. Ukwehla ofanayo lokushisa ebonwe Melika.

Emhlabeni wonke, isivuno ompofu kwaholela ukwanda kwamanani okudla kanye nendlala, okuyinto kanye mqedazwe esabulala 200 000.

izici ngokuqhathanisa ukuqhuma

Ukuqhuma tambora intabamlilo kwamehlela (1815), sasihluke emlandweni wesintu, yena yanikezelwa esigabeni lwesikhombisa (eziyisishiyagalombili kungenzeka) esikalini esisuka ku-izingozi mlilo. Ososayensi bakwazi ukunquma ukuthi past 10,000 edlule kuye kwaba nokuqhuma ezine ezifana. Ngaphambi intabamlilo tambora inhlekelele okufanayo okwenzeka ngo-1257 ku-esiqhingini esiseduze Lombok, esikhundleni wentaba le ntaba-mlilo manje kukhona ichibi segara anak endaweni 11 amakhilomitha square (bheka isithombe).

Ohambeni lwakhe lokuqala intabamlilo kuqhuma

Isihambi lokuqala, kwehlela-ke isiqhingi nge intabamlilo omangalisayo tambora aphuthelwe senyanga yokuqala, baba isazi sezitshalo Swiss Genrih Tsollinger, owayehola ithimba labacwaningi ukutadisha wadala ngenxa yemvelo inhlekelele ecosystem. Kwathi ngo-1847, kamuva ngemvume engu-32 ngemuva ukuqhuma. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi wentaba wayesalokhu awuthunqise liphuma, futhi saqhubekela ku qweqwe eqandisiwe labacwaningi ziqala iphutha lwakhe namanje hot umlotha wentaba-mlilo.

Kodwa abacwaningi baye baphawula kwavela impilo entsha emhlabeni Incinerate lapho izindawo ekuqaleni kakade ukuze ujike izitshalo amahlamvu oluhlaza. Futhi ngisho ngesikhathi ibambene ezingaphezu kuka 2 ayizinkulungwane. Amamitha ehlathini casuarinas (coniferous isitshalo, ivy-like) zitholakele.

Njengoba kuboniswa observation okunye, kusukela 1896 emithambekeni le ntaba-mlilo uhlalwe 56 zezinyoni, nomunye wabo (Lophozosterops dohertyi) elaqala ukutholwa khona.

Umthelela ukuqhuma phezu yobuciko nesayensi

Izazimlando zobuciko hypothesize ukuthi kwakuwukubonakaliswa belusizi ngokungavamile ngokwemvelo, odalwe ukuqhuma kwenzeka intaba-mlilo-Indonesian waphefumulela abadumile British landscape umdwebi Dzhozefa Mallord William Turner. imidwebo yakhe ngokuvamile kuhlobisa udangele, grey some kwelanga behlupheka.

Kodwa futhi elalidume kunawo wonke kwakuyi-ukudalwa Meri Shelli "Frankenstein", okuyinto wayezelwe ngokunembile ukuthi ihlobo ngo 1816, lapho eneminyaka engu-namanje umakoti Persi Shelli, kanye umakoti odumile weNkosi Byron wasala lweLake Geneva. Kwaba sezulu kanye engapheli izimvula ezimbi liphefumulelwe umqondo Byron, futhi wathembisa ukubanika ngamunye iziphuphutheki ukuze akhuphuke kulandiswe esabekayo. Mary necebo ncamashi indaba Frankenstein, owawungumnyaka ngesisekelo incwadi yakhe, eyayibhalwe eminyakeni emibili kamuva.

Nkosi Byron naye ngaphansi kwethonya imvelo wabhala edumile inkondlo "Ubumnyama", okuyinto yahunyushwa imigqa Lermontov sika kuwo: "Ngase ngibona iphupho nokungelona iphupho. Ilanga elikhanyayo ukuthi luqede ... "Wonke umsebenzi oye afuthwe ngesibulali nathemba, dovlevshey lowo nyaka phezu nemvelo.

Kulesi uchungechunge ugqozi akuyona kuphazamisekile, "Ubumnyama," inkondlo yayifundwa udokotela Byron sika Dzhonom Polidori, ngubani ngaphansi umbono wakhe wabhala inoveli yakhe "The Vampire".

A Christmas carol owaziwa "Silent Night» (Stille Nacht) yabhalwa ngala mavesi yompristi German Yozefa Mora, okuyinto ayibhala ngo okufanayo yezimvula 1816 futhi labavulekela uhlobo olusha romantic.

Kuyamangalisa, kodwa isivuno ompofu futhi amanani aphezulu ngoba ibhali ephefumulelwe noKarla Dreza, umsunguli isiJalimane, ukwakha izimoto ukuthi Ungashintshanisa ihhashi. Ngakho wasungula sibonelo of ibhayisikili yesimanje, futhi lokho nesibongo Dresen langena ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke igama elithi "inqola".