Isibonakhulu Leeuwenhoek. Microscope lokuqala

Omunye kokusungulwa ezibaluleke kakhulu medieval ukunikeza ngesibonakhulu. Esebenzisa lentwana akwazi ukubona isakhiwo, ayibonakali iso. Kwakungisiza balolonge izinhlinzeko zoMthetho imfundiso yokuziphendukela cell, uye wadala amathuba ukuthuthukiswa yamagciwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, microscope lokuqala isibe injini kwendalo amadivayisi amasha mikroskopiruyut kakhulu. Zaba amathuluzi lapho abantu bayibheke athomu.

ngomlando microscope lokuqala

Ngokusobala, microscope - kuyinto ithuluzi engavamile. Futhi lokho Okumangazayo iqiniso ukuthi yasungulwa Ephakathi. Uyise kubhekwa Antoni Van Levenguk. Kodwa ngaphandle kokuhoxa kokuhlangenwe uquketheni Usosayensi othile Ngingathi idivayisi wokuqala athuthukiswe mikroskopiruyut noma uGalileo (1609), noma uHans kaZakariya Yanseny (1590). Nokho, ukuze uthole ulwazi oluncane kakhulu esidlule isimo kokusunguliwe.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuthuthukiswa uHans Zahariya Yansenov ingathathwa sina microscope kuqala. Idivayisi sokunconywa kunjiniyela basonta uGalileo Galilei. kudivayisi Its iyunithi lihambisana eyepiece elula lens amabili. Lokhu isibonakhulu ibizwa ngokuthi ukukhanya oluyinhlanganisela. Kamuva Kornelius Drebbel (1620) ukushintshwa lokhu leminyaka.

Ngokusobala, ukuthuthukiswa uGalileo uzokuragela phambili kuphela uma Antoni Van Levenguk e 1665 akaze ashicilele umsebenzi ku-microscope. Kuyo, wachaza izinto eziphilayo eziye ukubonakala besebenzisa yakhe elula olulodwa-lens ngesibonakhulu. Lesi senzakalo futhi Ngokuhlakanipha elula ngendlela emangalisayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngesikhathi esifanayo.

isibonakhulu Leeuwenhoek, ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek sika ngesibonakhulu - umkhiqizo elinabantu ipuleti zethusi nge lens enamathiselwe a nalokho, futhi hardware obandayo. Idivayisi ingena kalula phezu kwesandla sami, kepha kufihla ngamandla angaphezu kwavamile: kungenzeka ukwandisa insiza izikhathi 275-500. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa ukufakwa kwelensi Plano-convex incane ngobukhulu. Futhi kuyathakazelisa ngokwanele, kuze 1970, izazi zesayensi ehola ayikwazanga ukuthola ukuthi ungasetha kanjani enjalo Leeuwenhoek magnifiers.

Kuqala kwakukholelwa babecabanga ukuthi lens for ngesibonakhulu iphucuziwe ngomshini. Nokho, lokhu kuzodinga sokuphikelela emangalisayo futhi kakhulu ngokunemba high. Ngo-1970 yena wanikezwa umbono wokuthi Leeuwenhoek lens smelted ngengilazi fibre. Yena heats ke, bese luze kwesigaba, okwakubekelwa enamathiselwe iconsi ingilazi. Kuyinto kakade lula kakhulu futhi ngokushesha, nakuba engazange okwamanje wazibonakalisa kungenzeka: abanikazi microscope asele Leeuwenhoek enganikanga imvume ucwaningo. Nokho, ngale ndlela ungakwazi ukuqoqa isibonakhulu Leeuwenhoek ngisho ekhaya.

Umgomo usebenzisa ngesibonakhulu Leeuwenhoek sika

isakhiwo umkhiqizo silula, Lowo okhuluma kalula yayo ukusetshenziswa. Empeleni, ukusebenzisa kwayo kwaba nzima kakhulu ngenxa ukungaqiniseki ubude ebalulekile lens. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokufunda isikhathi eside ezidingekayo ukusondeza ngaphandle nangaphakathi zedivayisi test kusukela cutoff. Wasika elise phakathi ikhandlela futhi lens, esiza ukukhulisa microstructure. Futhi baba esibonakala ngamehlo abantu.

Imininingwane ye Leeuwenhoek ngesibonakhulu

Ngokusho imiphumela ucwaningo, isibonakhulu ukwanda Leeuwenhoek sika yayimangaza, okungenani-ke liye landa izikhathi 275. Abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lo microscopist ehola Ephakathi wadala kudivayisi ukuthi bavunyelwe ukwandisa izikhathi 500. Insumansumane yesayensi show inombolo 1500, nakuba kungenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amafutha ngokucwiliswa. Bamane wayengekho.

Noma kunjalo Leeuwenhoek yisendlalelo sokuthuthukiswa wesayensi eziningi futhi aqaphela ukuthi amehlo akubonayo akubona bonke. Kukhona microcosm, engabonakali kithi. Futhi kukhona okujabulisayo abaningi. Kusukela ukuphakama ubudala kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi umcwaningi kwaba ngokwesiprofetho efanele. Futhi Leeuwenhoek microscope namuhla, esemgwaqweni ngezansi isithombe, kubhekwa omunye izinjini yesayensi.

Ezinye imicabango mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwe-microscope

ososayensi abaningi sebekholelwa ukuthi isibonakhulu Leeuwenhoek sika ayidalwanga kusuka ekuqaleni. Ngokwemvelo, ososayensi bazi amaqiniso athile mayelana khona uGalileo yokukhanya. Nokho, ngokusungulwa kwesibonakhulu, Italian babengenalo ukufana. Okunye-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi Leeuwenhoek wathatha njengesisekelo ukuthuthukiswa uHans Zahariya Yansenov. Ekhuluma microscope yakamuva, kuncane kakhulu ezaziwayo.

Njengoba Hans nendodana yakhe Zachary wasebenza lapho kuvezwa izibuko, ukuthuthukiswa yabo, kunalokho, sasifana kokusungulwa uGalileo Galilei. isibonakhulu Leeuwenhoek yidivayisi enamandla kakhulu, ngoba ikuvumela ukusondeza izikhathi 275-500. Okunjalo amandla ingxenye ukukhanya nangezibonakhulu futhi Jansen noGalileo kwadingeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa lens amabili, futhi ayebambelele amaphutha kabili njengoba ningi. Uma lokhu wathatha mayelana 150 s kwenezele isibonakhulu wabanjwa Leeuwenhoek izinga isibonakhulu isithombe bese umthamo ukwanda.

Hypothesis ngemvelaphi lens isibonakhulu Leeuwenhoek sika

zomlando kunendlela ngamafuphi umsebenzi usosayensi. Ngokusho iRoyal Society of England, Leeuwenhoek eqoqwe mayelana 25 microscopes. wabuye wakwazi ukwenza cishe 500 lens. Akwaziwa ukuthi kungani wadala nangezibonakhulu eziningi kangaka, ngokusobala, lezi lens ayenganikezwanga ukukhuphuka efanele noma eziyiphutha. 9 kuphela Leeuwenhoek nangezibonakhulu ezisekhona kuze kube sezikhathini zanamuhla.

Kukhona umbono ezithakazelisayo, ukuthi Leeuwenhoek isibonakhulu sidalwe ngesisekelo lens engokwemvelo mlilo. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kuyinto nje iconsi ingilazi smelted for yokukhiqiza yabo. Abanye uyavuma ukuthi wayekwazi ukuzikhuthaza Ncibilikisa intambo ingilazi kanye lens ukwenza kanjalo. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi kwenziwe usosayensi 500 lens wakwazi ukwakha nangezibonakhulu 25 kuphela, lukhulu.

Ikakhulukazi, ngokungaqondile qinisekisa bonke lens ezintathu umsuka umbono. Ngokusobala, imphendvulo yekugcina akunakwenzeka ukuba etholwe ngaphandle ucwaningo. Kodwa ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi ngaphandle kobukhona ephezulu ukucacisa sokulinganisa zomculo kanye umshini ukugaya wakwazi ukwakha lens enamandla, kunzima ngempela.

Ukudala Leeuwenhoek ikhaya ngesibonakhulu

Abantu abaningi uzama ukuhlola ezinye imibono eyayisinesikhathi ngemvelaphi lens ekhiqizwa ngempumelelo isibonakhulu Leeuwenhoek ekhaya. Ngenxa yale njongo, elula utshwala sikaphalafini zigcwale amanzi a mncane ingilazi ngentambo, kuze ngeke lehle. Kufanele kuphole, ngemva kwalokho-ke kumele sanded nomunye (okuphambene kuya eyindilinga ebusweni) ohlangothini.

Ukugaya ukwakha lens Plano-convex ukuthi lihlangabezana nezidingo microscopy. Iphinde kuzokhulisa cishe 200-275 izikhathi. Ngemva nje kudingeka silungise khona tripod okuqinile futhi ucabangele izinto ezingase zithakazelise. Nokho, kukhona inkinga eyodwa: ayizindunduma kakhulu lens ukuphela kufanele zikhokhelwe izidakamizwa wafunda. Umcwaningi ngenkathi ebuka surface flat lens. Kuphela ngale ndlela kumele kusetshenziswe ngesibonakhulu. Leeuwenhoek, ukubuyekezwa kwe-Royal Society of okuyinto ngesikhathi esisodwa wamnikeza idumela ekhazimulayo, cishe, lokho idaliwe yaphinde yasetshenziswa wakhe wokusungula.