Isibungu esinyanyisiwe: isici kanye nencazelo yekilasi. Abamele izibungu ezinamathele

Isibungu esincane, noma i-turbellaria (iTurbellaria) sibhekisela embusweni wezilwane, uhlobo lwe-flatworm, olunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-3 500. Iningi lazo liphila mahhala, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala emzimbeni wesibindi. Ubukhulu bomuntu ngamunye buyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi izici zokuhlala nezondlo. Ezinye izibungu zingacatshangwa kuphela ngaphansi kwe-microscope, ezinye zifinyelela ubude obungaphezu kuka-40 cm.

Ama-parasites cishe wonke abameleli bohlobo lwama-flatworms. Izibungu ezithintekayo yilo kuphela ekilasini elihlanganisa amafomu ahlala ngokuzenzekelayo endaweni, kepha yizilwane ezidalwa.

Izinambuzane zingatholakala emzimbeni wamanzi anosawoti namanzi ahlanzekile, enhlabathini enomanzi, ngaphansi kwamadwala, emanzini emifula namachibi. Abanye baphila emhlabeni, abanye baphila ngezansi. Izinhlobo ezincane zihlala emzimbeni womzimba, ngokuba yizimbungulu, kodwa zingamlimazi. Abameleli abaningi kakhulu futhi abaphumelelayo ekilasini yizinhlelo zokuhlela, eziza kuzo zonke imibala ebonakalayo (kusuka emnyama nokumhlophe kuze kube mnyama nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka).

Incazelo yokubukeka kwesidumbu se-ciliary

Iklasi lezibungu ezinamacilisi libizwa ngokuba yilo lonke umzimba wesibungu lihlanganiswe ne-cilia encane, eqinisekisa ukuhamba kwesilwane nokuhamba kwezilwane ezincane endaweni. Izibungu ze-Ciliary zihamba ngokubhukuda noma ukukhahlela, njengenyoka. Ukuma komzimba wesilwane kufakwa, ku-oval noma kuhlangene kancane.

Njengabo bonke abameleli bezinambuzane, umzimba wabo awunayo indlu yangaphakathi. Lezi yizinto eziphilayo ezilinganiselwe, kanye nezinzwa ezizwakalayo ngaphambili nomlomo ohlangothini lwe-peritoneal body.

Izici zekhava le-ciliary

I-epithelium ehlanganisiwe inezinhlobo ezimbili:

• I-cilia ihlukaniswe ngokucacile komunye nomunye;
• Nge-cilia ehlanganisiwe kwesinye isendlalelo se-cytoplasmic.

I-Cilia ayinabo bonke abameleli bekilasi lezibungu ezindiza. Amafomu e- ciliated of the worms ngaphansi kwesendlalelo se-epithelialfihla izigcawu ze-secretion. I-Slime ephuma ngaphambi komzimba isiza isibungu ukuba sinamathisele futhi sibambe ebusweni be-substrate, kanye nokuhambahamba ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ibhalansi.

Emaphethelweni emzimbeni we-worm yizinhlayiya ze-unicellular ezithengisa i-mucus ngezakhiwo ezinobuthi. Le-mucus yindlela yokuvikela isilwane esivela kwezinye izilwane ezinkulu (isibonelo, inhlanzi).

Izimpethu ezinamafutha zigcina zikhula, zilahlekelwa izinhlayiya ze-epithelium, ezifana ne-moult ezilwaneni.

Ukwakhiwa kwesikhumba somzimba wesikhumba

Ukwakhiwa kwezibungu ezinamabhilidi kufana nesakhiwo sawo wonke ama-flatworms. Ingxube ye-muscular yakha isikhwama semisipha yesikhumba futhi iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu zezingcingo:

• Isendlalelo sangasese esitholakala ngaphandle komzimba;
• Uhlaka olunezingxubevange ezinamafayili asemaceleni;
• Ubude obungezansi be-longitudinal.

Ukunciphisa, imisipha ihlinzeka ukunyakaza okusheshayo nokulayishwa kwabantu abakhulu kakhulu.

Uhlelo lokugaya

Abanye abamele izimpethu ezinamakhompi angenayo imathunjini ecacile futhi abangekho emathunjini. Kwezinye, izitho zokugaya zimelelwa yisistimu yonke yamakhansela okuhlanganisa, enikeza izakhi kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba. Yisakhiwo somathumbu esihlukanisa imiyalo yezimpethu ezinamathele. Ngaphezu kokungekho emathunjini (uhlobo lwe-convolut), izimpethu ezinamakholi zihlukaniswe:

• I-Rectal (mesostomy);
• Ukubambisana (i-intestinal planaria, trikladidy).

Umlomo wabantu abanesibindi se-branching utholakala eduze komzimba, i-rectal kuya kwangaphakathi. Umlomo we-worm uxhunyaniswe ne-pharynx, ehamba kancane kancane emagatsheni angaboni emathunjini.

Iklasi lezibungu ezinamakhemikhali anezinhlayiya ezincane eziphethwe ngaphandle (ngaphandle komzimba) ukugaya ukudla.

Uhlelo lokukhetha

Uhlelo lwama-excretory lumelelwa ngamanani amaningi we-pores engxenyeni engezansi yomzimba wesilwane lapho izinto ezingadingeki zikhishwa khona ngeziteshi ezikhethekile. Iziteshi ezincane zixhunywe kumunye noma ezimbili eziyinhloko, eduze komathumbu.

Uma kungabikho ukuvalwa kwamathumbu emathunjini (i-excreta) iqoqa ebusweni kwesikhumba kumaseli akhethekile, emva kokugcwalisa ngokuphepha ngokuphepha.

Uhlelo Lokukhathazeka

Izimpawu zezimbungu ze-ciliary zihlanganisa ukungalingani ohlelweni lwesimiso. Kweminye imihlobo iboniswa inethiwekhi encane yokuphela kwezinzwa (i-ganglion) engxenyeni yangaphakathi yomzimba.

Ezinye zinezintambo ezingu-8 ezinama-neural ezinama-neural amaningi.

Izitho ezinzwayo zakhiwa, i-immobile cilia ekhethekile ibhekene nomsebenzi wokuthinta. Abanye abantu banomqondo olinganisiwe wokulinganisela, lapho umzimba okhethekile we-statocyst, omelelwe ngesimo se-vesicles noma imigodi engaphansi komhlaba, unesibopho.

Ukubona ukunyakaza kanye nezenzo ezicasulayo ezivela ngaphandle kwenzeka nge-sensilla - immobilized cilia kuwo wonke umzimba.

Ngezibungu ngokuba khona kwesimiso se-statocyst, i-orthogon ehlangene nayo isakhiwe - uhlelo lweziteshi zobuchopho zohlu lwe-lattice.

Umqondo othuthukisiwe wephunga nombono

Isibungu esinekhilimu sinamalungu anomzimba, okudlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yakhe njengezilwane. Kungenxa yabo ukuthi i-turbellaya ithola ukudla. Ezingxenyeni zezimpawu zomzimba ezingemuva nangaphambili ziyizintambo, ezibhekene nokudluliswa okuvela ngaphandle kwamasignali kanye nama-molecule wezinto ezinomthelela engxenyeni yobuchopho.

Imifino ayiboni, nakuba kukhona isiphakamiso sokuthi ezinye izinhlobo ezinkulu emhlabeni jikelele zikwazi ukubona ngokucacile izinto, zine-lens eyakhiwe. Nakuba amehlo, futhi ezimweni eziningi izinhlobonhlobo ezimbili nezinhlobonhlobo ezingenakuphelelwa amandla zikhona eduze nesibungu esifundeni sezinkukhu zobuchopho ezingxenyeni zangaphambili zomzimba.

Ukukhanya okufaka amangqamuzana okubukeka okubukeka okubonakalayo ezinxenyeni ezibonakalayo zamehlo kubangela ukukhiqizwa kwesignali esinikezwa ebuchosheni ukuhlaziywa ngokusebenzisa ukuphela kwezinzwa. Amaseli okubuyisela afana nesibindi se-optic, esithumela ulwazi ebuchosheni be-ganglia.

Izilwane eziphefumulayo

Isici seklasini lezibungu ezinamafutha ahlukene nhlobo uhlobo lwezinyosi ezinwabuzelayo kulabo bantu abaphila mahhala bayakwazi ukuthatha umoya-mpilo-ukuphefumula. Phela, iningi lezinhlanzi ezinama-flatworms yi-anaerobes, okungukuthi, izilwane ezihlala endaweni enobuthi.

Ukuphefumula kubalulekile futhi kwenzeka kuwo wonke umzimba womzimba, okubamba i-oksijini ngokuqondile emanzini ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu eziningi ezincane.

Ukondla izibungu ezinamakhemikhali

Iningi lalezi zilwane yizilwane ezidliwayo futhi eziningi zazo zinesimiso sokugaya kwangaphandle. Ukufaka umlomo kumuntu ongase abe yisisulu, imbungu inikeza imfihlo ekhethekile, eyenziwe yizigcawu ezincane, ezigaya ukudla ngaphandle. Kakade emva kwalokhu, imbungu idla ama-juice anezondlo. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi ukugaya kwangaphandle.

Ukondla uhlobo lwezibungu eziphambanayo yikilasi le-cilia ikakhulukazi ama-crustaceans amancane namanye ama-invertebrates. Njengoba engakwazi ukugwinya nokuqhakaziza igobolondo lobukhulu obukhulu bama-crustaceans, izibungu zifaka umqubu okhethekile ogcwele ama-enzyme. It softens the isisulu, ngokuyisisekelo ukugaya, kanye worm bese nje bamane okuqukethwe okuqukethwe igobolondo.

Ukutholakala kwamazinyo ezimpethu kunqamulela i-pharynx, lapho bagxila khona ukudla konke. Uma ngabe isisulu sinobukhulu obukhulu, khona-ke imbungu yaphuza umlomo womlomo wayo kancane kancane, kancane kancane yamukela yonke inyamazane.

Ukukhiqiza

Iklasi lezibungu ezinamakhemikhali limelelwe ama-hermaphrodites, anembili gonads yamadoda nabesifazane. Amaseli wesilisa atholakala kuma-testes. Imisele yamanzi ekhethekile ivela kubo, ihambisa isidoda endaweni yokuhlangana namaqanda.

Izitho zangasese zobulili zimelelwa ama-ovari, lapho ama-ovules athunyelwa khona kuma-oviducts, bese angene emgodini, bese engena kwi-cloaca yobulili eyenziwe.

Ukukhulelwa ngokocansi kwenzeka ngendlela ehamba phambili. Izinambuzane zithathelana ngokuhlukile, ngokufaka enye injecting insimu ngokusebenzisa isilwane esiphezulu esifana ne-penis, singene emgodini we-cloaca wezocansi.

I-seed fluid ikhiqiza amaqanda namaqanda akhiwa, agcwele igobolondo. Ngaphandle komzimba wesibungu, amaqanda avela, okuvela kulowo muntu, lapho kubonakala sengathi kufana nesibungu esidala.

Kuphela i-turbellaria (thayipha izibungu eziphambanisa i-ciliary class) kusuka eqanda kubonakala i-larva encane, efana nomuntu omdala, ogijima nge-cilia kanye ne-plankton aze akhule futhi aguqulwe abe imbungu emdala.

Lezi zimpethu zingabuye zikhiqize ngokweqile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lesi sikhumba sibonakala emzimbeni wesibungu, esihlukanisa kancane kancane sibe izingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo. Ingxenye ngayinye iba umuntu ohlukile, okhulisa izitho ezidingekayo empilweni.

Ikhono elimangalisayo lokuvuselela kabusha

Abanye abamele izibungu ezinamakhemikhali, njenge-planaria, bangakha kabusha izindawo ezonakalisiwe zomzimba. Ngisho nezicucu zomzimba ubukhulu bomuntu ngamunye zingakhula zibe imbumbulu entsha egcwele.

I-Planaria evela eqenjini le-three-branched ngaleyondlela lafunda ukuhlala ezimweni ezimbi zemvelo. Ngokunyuka okukhulu kokushisa kwamanzi, ngokuntuleka kwe-oksijeni, izibungu zivele zibe yizicucu ukuze ziphinde ziphinde zivuselele ngokuvuselelwa, lapho izimo zangaphandle zibuyela ezivamile.

I-plar worm worm yilabo abamele iklasi elikhulu abahlala emzimbeni wamanzi. Isilwane sidla ama-invertebrates amancane. Ngokwabo ukudla kwezinambuzane zezinhlanzi akubanga ngenxa yobukhona bezinhlayiya ezikhulula izinto ezinobuthi.

Ama-parasites

Izibungu ezinama-parasitic zihlanganisa:

• Amathanga amnyama, ahlala esikhumbeni samanzi angenawo amanzi angama-fresh and turtles, abeka amaqanda ebusweni bomzimba wendawo. I-Temncephales yamasayizi amancane (kuze kube ngu-15 mm), umzimba wabo uphansi, kunezintambo eziningana. Isibungu esiyi-ciliated yi-hermaphrodite futhi sihlala ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Yezwe.
• I-Udonlidy - eyayibizwa ngokuthi yi-flukes, kodwa manje isabelwe embuthanweni wezibungu ezinamakhemikhali. Unomzimba ngesimo sesilinda nesayizi encane (kufika ku-3 mm). Ngosizo lomswakama, banamathele kuma-crustaceans, okuyinto ehamba phambili emigodini yezinhlanzi ezinkulu zasolwandle.

Ezinye zezilwane ze-turbella zihlala kuphela emanzini aseLake Baikal, okubangelwa ukungafani kwamanzi ayo. Izinambuzane eziningi ezihlangene azigcini nje ngokulimaza, kodwa ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlala kwazo. Ukubhubhisa ama-mollusks amancane, agcina inqwaba yezinambuzane ezingaphansi kokulawula , ukuvimbela ukuthi ingakhulumi kuze kube yayizilinganiso engavamile.