Isici Environmental - kungcono ... ngemvelo futhi abantu. Izinhlobo yizici zemvelo. Ukwahlukanisa yizici zemvelo

Kasibili bonke eziphilayo eMhlabeni bathonywa yizici zemvelo. Kungaba ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, kodwa usenayo nomthelela obalulekile umsebenzi womuntu, isimo zezitshalo nezilwane. Isici Environmental - elementi imvelo, okubangela eziphilayo ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile zokuphila. Okungenzeka bahlukunyezwe izici zezulu kwendawo (lokushisa, umswakama, ingemuva ngemisebe, nesimo sendawo, ukukhanyisa), imisebenti yebantfu noma ukusebenza eziningi eziphilayo nezidalwa (parasitism, predation, umncintiswano).

Ukunqunywa isici kwemvelo

ULwesithathu - uhlobo imvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezungeze eziphilayo, ezithinta imisebenzi yalo ebalulekile. Lokhu kungaba iqoqo imihlola zemizimba impahla, amandla. Isici Environmental - factor imvelo lapho izinto eziphilayo kufanele sijwayele. Lokhu kungaba ukwehla noma ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa, umswakama noma womile, ingemuva ngemisebe, umsebenzi womuntu, umncintiswano phakathi kwenyamazana, lokhu nokunye. D. Igama elithi "kwendawo yemvelo" ngokwemvelo ayingxenye ye imvelo, lapho izinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nokuthi zinikeza ithonya ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile. Lena isici ngoba ngandlela-thile kuphazamise ndaba. ULwesithathu kushintsha njalo, izingxenye zalo ingxenye zahlukahlukene, ngakho izilwane, izitshalo ngisho abantu kufanele njalo ulungise, ukujwayela, ukuze ngandlela-thile ukusinda, futhi zizalane.

Ukwahlukanisa yizici zemvelo

On eziphilayo kungaba kwenziwe imiphumela ezemvelo kanye yokufakelwa. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ngeengaba, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezivamile yezinto zemvelo ezifana abiotic, biotic futhi yabantu. Zonke izinto eziphilayo ngandlela-thile ehlaselwe lomkhuba, futhi izingxenye imvelo ezingaphili. Lona izici abiotic ezithinta ukuphila kwabantu abakhé, izitshalo, izilwane. Nazo ngokufanayo, zihlukaniswe edaphic, zezulu, amakhemikhali, lokuhlola amanzi, pyrogenic, orographic.

Khanyisa, umswakama, izinga lokushisa, barometric ingcindezi kanye imvula, emisebeni yelanga, umoya akunakubangelwa yizici zemvelo. Edaphic kuthinte eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa ukushisa, umoya namanzi umbuso, yawo yamakhemikhali Ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo mechanical, ezingeni komhlaba, asidi. izici Chemical - Amanzi Ukwakheka usawoti, igesi umkhathi. Pyrogenic - umthelela umlilo ku imvelo. izinto eziphilayo zinezici ukuzivumelanisa sezwe, engamamitha, kanye nezici amanzi, okuqukethwe kwayo izinto eziningi eziphilayo nokumbiwa.

Biotic isici kwemvelo - kuba ubuhlobo eziphilayo kanye umthelela ubuhlobo babo imvelo. Umthelela kungenzeka ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye eziphilayo bayakwazi ukuthonya sezulu, ukushintsha ukwakheka kwenhlabathi , njll izici biotic zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezine: .. Phytogenic (izitshalo kuyayithinta imvelo kanye nomunye), zoogenic (izilwane kuyayithinta imvelo kanye nomunye) mikogennye (imiphumela babe amakhowe) kanye mikrobiogennye (phakathi kukhona nezilwanyana ezincane).

Okwenziwe umuntu isici kwemvelo - ushintsho eziphilayo izimo ngenxa imisebenzi ongumuntu ophilayo. Izenzo kungaba kokubili abazi futhi equlekile. Nokho, wona aholela izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa ngokwemvelo. Umuntu ephula ungqimba inhlabathi, elingcolisa umoya namanzi nge izinto eziyingozi, kunikeza namathafa zemvelo. izici yabantu zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ezine eziyinhloko: begazi, amakhemikhali, nomphakathi kanye ngokomzimba. Bonke ngezindlela ezingafani, kuthinte izilwane, izitshalo, angenziwa neqhaza ukuvela kohlobo olusha lokuphila futhi usule ebusweni elidala.

Imiphumela amakhemikhali yizici zemvelo ku eziphilayo ngokuvamile sibe nomthelela omubi kwezemvelo. Ukuze kuzuzwe ezithela ezinhle, abantu basebenzisa umquba ukubulala izinambuzane nge ubuthi, ngaleyo ndlela elonakalisayo inhlabathi namanzi. Iphinde kufanele ukungezwa ezokuthutha imfucuza kanye umkhakha. izici ezingokomzimba kulindeleke ukuba ukuthutha ku izindiza, izitimela, izimoto, ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi, umthelela eziphilayo vibration futhi umsindo. Ungakhohlwa mayelana nobuhlobo phakathi kwabantu emphakathini. I izici zokwakheka zihlanganisa eziphilayo okuyiwona umuntu wokudla noma isimila noma indawo, lapha kubalulekile uthwele ukudla.

zezemvelo

Kuye izici zabo namabutho eziphilayo ezahlukene basabela ngokungefani izici abiotic. izimo Environmental ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi, yebo, ukushintsha imithetho okusinda, ukukhula nokukhiqizwa nezilwanyana ezincanyana, izilwane, isikhunta. Ngokwesibonelo, impilo ezitshalweni eziluhlaza phansi kwesigubhu ukhawulelwe umthamo wokukhanya akwazi ukungena emanzini. Isibalo izilwane kukhawulwe inala umoya-mpilo. umthelela omkhulu eziphilayo has a imfiva, ngenxa ukwehla noma izithelo zawo nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha. Phakathi engu ice yayisiqothuliwe hhayi kuphela mammoth futhi izibankwakazi, kodwa nakwezinye izilwane eziningi, izinyoni kanye nezitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela ekushintsheni imvelo. Umswakama, izinga lokushisa nokukhanya - lawa eziyinhloko ukuthi anqume imibandela sokuba khona izinto eziphilayo.

ukukhanya

Ilanga ophilisa izitshalo eziningi, izilwane, akusiyo kubaluleke njengokugwema abamele flora, kodwa awakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwalo. ukukhanyisa Yemvelo - kuba umthombo engokwemvelo amandla. izitshalo eziningi zihlukaniswe ukukhanya-onothando futhi umthunzi-ukubekezela. zinhlobo ezahlukene ukukhombisa ukusabela okungekuhle noma positive ukukhanya. Kodwa ithonya ebaluleke kakhulu ilanga has ngosuku nobusuku, ngoba abameleli ezahlukene nezilwane kukhona kuphela ebusuku noma diurnal. Umthelela yizici zemvelo ku umzimba kunzima overestimate, kodwa uma kuziwa izilwane, ukukhanyisa akuphazamisi nabo ngqo, kumane kubonisa isidingo kabusha izinqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni, ukuze ezintweni eziphilayo aphendule izinguquko ezimweni zangaphandle.

umswakama

Bethembela amanzi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo likhulu kakhulu, ngoba kuyadingeka ekusebenzeni kwazo. eziphilayo Iningi abakwazi ukuphila emoyeni owomile, manje noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bayokufa. Inani kwezulu phezu kwesikhathi esithile, libhekene nomswakama izindawo. Ulele ukubamba amanzi umusi kusuka okuphakelayo emoyeni ngokusebenzisa isitshalo izimpande, amanzi isilwane ukuphuza, izinambuzane, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni ukwazi ukumunca ngokusebenzisa izembozo umzimba. Kukhona izidalwa ukuthi abe ketshezi nge ukudla noma ngokusebenzisa namachibi fat. Bobabili izitshalo nezilwane babe ezincwadini amaningi akuvumela ukuba kancane amanzi umoshe ukulisindisa.

lokushisa

Zonke izinto eziphilayo sizalwa nawo uhla lokushisa. Uma kungaphezu, ezikhulayo noma falling, kungase nje izolahleka. Umthelela yizici zemvelo izitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu kungaba okuhle nokubi. Esezingeni lokushisa umzimba eba ngokuvamile, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho izinga lokushisa osondela mkhawulo noma ephansi, izinqubo zokuphila behlisa ijubane, bakhathala bese wayeka ngokuphelele, okuholela kokufa izidalwa. Othile lidinga abandayo, umuntu - ukushisa, kanti ezinye angaphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezihluke kwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-bacterium, ulele ukumelana anhlobonhlobo okushisa, amahlosi uzizwe kahle ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi eSiberia. Kodwa iningi eziphilayo ukusinda kuphela ungumthombo ongumngcingo lokushisa ububanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-coral sikhule emanzini at 21 ° C. Ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa noma okweqile kubo ebulalayo.

Ezindaweni ezishisayo, iyehla iyenyuka sezulu cishe ezingabonakali, ayikwazi wathi zone athokomele. Umzimba uphoqelekile ukuba ukuzivumelanisa noshintsho zonyaka, abaningi lapho kuqala ubusika, wenze yokufuduka eside, kanti nezitshalo ziyafa ngokuphelele. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle lokushisa, abanye izidalwa yokucashisa ukubhekana nezimo ezimbi kakhulu isikhathi angakghona ukukwenza. Lezi kumane nje kuyizibonelo main yizici zemvelo ku eziphilayo nazo ehlaselwe umfutho womoya, umoya, kokuwa.

Umthelela yizici zemvelo ku eziphilayo

On ukuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa izidalwa is kakhulu ehlaselwe ndawo. Zonke amaqembu yizici zemvelo ngokuvamile kuthinte eziyinkimbinkimbi, kunokuba ngamunye ngamunye. Amandla nethonya eyodwa incike nezinye. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhanyisa ayikwazi sithathelwe indawo carbon dioxide, kodwa ngokushintsha lokushisa, kungenzeka zokumisa photosynthesis izitshalo. Zonke lezi zici ezithinta umzimba ngandlela-thile akufani. Iqhaza ehola ngeke ifane kuye isikhathi sonyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, entwasahlobo Kubalulekile izitshalo eziningi izinga lokushisa ngesikhathi zezimbali - umswakama kwenhlabathi, uma sesivuthiwe - umswakama kanye nezakhi. Kukhona futhi izici nokukhawulela, ngokweqile noma ukuntula okuyinto eduze kwemingcele ngokukhuthazela emzimbeni. Bahlale abakhuthele ngisho nalapho izidalwa eziphilayo indawo eyeseka.

Umthelela yizici zemvelo izitshalo

Ngoba yilowo omele flora olwenzeka endaweni kubhekwa isimo ezizungezile. Kwaba esona kudala zonke izinto ezidingekayo kwemvelo. isitshalo olwenzeka endaweni inikeza kudingekile inhlabathi umswakama nomoya, ukukhanya, izinga lokushisa, umoya, lemali kahle izakhi enhlabathini. Izinga ejwayelekile yizici zemvelo ivumela eziphilayo ngokuvamile zikhule, ukuthuthukisa, futhi zizalane. Ezinye izimo kungase kuyithinte kabi izitshalo. Isibonelo, uma ubeka isiko enkundleni mpilo, lapho inhlabathi akanayo izakhi ngokwanele, luyokhula okuncane kakhulu noma ayizange ikhuphuke. leso sici nokukhawulela kungase kubizwe. Noma kunjalo, iningi izitshalo vumelanisa nezimo zemvelo.

Abamele flora otshalwa e-ehlane, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo usebenzisa ifomu ekhethekile. Ziyakwazi ngokuvamile izimpande ezinde kakhulu futhi enamandla ukuthi angaya ngokujulile phansi kuya ku-30 metres. Kungenzeka futhi olukha phezulu uhlelo impande, okuvumela ukuba ukuqoqa umswakama ngesikhathi izimvula iDemo. izihlahla Water nezihlahla iziqu elondolozwe ku (ngokuvamile zikhubazekile), amahlamvu, amagatsha. Ezinye izakhamuzi ehlane labo abazokwazi izinyanga ezimbalwa ulinde amanzi anikeza ukuphila, kodwa sithandeke ngokwengeziwe iso izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngokwesibonelo, imbewu ephemera chitha ukuthi ziqhume kuphela kwamakhowe ngemva kwemvula, bese izimbali zawo ziwukudla ehlane ekuseni, futhi emini izimbali azikhuli.

Umthelela yizici zemvelo izitshalo abathintekayo nemibandela ezibandayo ucingo. Umbala kuyinto sezulu onokhahlo, ihlobo lifushane, kulungele ngeke uqambe, kodwa kubanda Uthatha 8 kuya ku-10 izinyanga. Ikhava iqhwa ongabalulekile lowo, umoya kanye bares zonke izitshalo. flora abamele ngokuvamile abe engajulile uhlelo impande, amahlamvu aminyene elinsundu nge enamathela waxy. Supply edingekayo izakhi izitshalo buthelela ngesikhathi lapho zokugcina usuku polar. Tundra izihlahla ukukhiqiza imbewu, germinating kanye njalo eminyakeni 100 kuphela izimo ezikahle kakhulu. Kodwa ulele futhi wona sebejwayele nokuzala vegetatively.

yizici zemvelo izitshalo kubenza bakwazi ukuthuthukisa ezihlukahlukene izilungiselelo. flora abameleli axhomeke umswakama lokushisa, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke badinga elangeni. It sishintsha isakhiwo sabo sangaphakathi, ukubukeka. Ngokwesibonelo, isamba elanele ukukhanya ivumela izihlahla zikhule umqhele omuhle kakhulu, kodwa sezihlahla, izimbali, likhule emthunzini, kubonakale labacindezela ababuthakathaka.

Lemvelo nabantu ngokuvamile uye ezindleleni zabo ehlukile. Izinto ezenziwa abantu kungaba yingozi imvelo. Umsebenzi wamabhizinisi zezimboni, ukusha kwamahlathi, ezokuthutha, ukungcoliswa komoya ekushayweni izitshalo amandla, amanzi nomhlabathi ongahluziwe izinsalela - konke lokhu kunomthelela omubi wekukhula, intfutfuko kanye kabusha izitshalo. Eminyakeni yamuva, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezimila wangena Encwadi Red, amaningi aye afela babuyeka ngokuphelele.

Umthelela yizici zemvelo ku womuntu

Kukhona enye into ukuthi eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule abantu babe nempilo engcono kakhulu futhi emzimbeni namandla kunomFilisti namuhla. Labor umsebenzi ubuhlobo ngokuya eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi komuntu nemvelo, kodwa wakwazi ukuthola ku iphuzu elithile. Kuqhamuka indlela yokuphila abantu Synchronicity ne izindlela zemvelo. Inkathi ngayinye yonyaka kwadingeka umsebenzi walo sengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, entwasahlobo ka abalimi yokulima izwe, owahlwanyela okusanhlamvu kanye nezinye izitshalo. Ngo onakekelayo ehlobo izitshalo, ziklaba izinkomo, ekwindla - kuvuna ebusika - babehilelekile ngemisebenzi yasendlini, ukuphumula. isiko Impilo bekulokhu kuyingxenye esemqoka kule mpilo esintu jikelele, ukwazi ukuthi bangobani ishintshile ngaphansi kwethonya kwezimo zemvelo.

Zonke ishintshile kakhulu kule kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ngesikhathi eqa omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi nobuchwepheshe. Yiqiniso, ngaphambi kokuba ukuthi yizenzo zomuntu kakhulu yingozi nemvelo, kodwa yasihlephula wonke amarekhodi nomthelela omubi kwezemvelo. Ukwahlukanisa yizici zemvelo ukunquma ukuthi abantu abathintekayo ngokwezinga elikhulu, futhi kulokho - kancane. Yesintu icwile isikhathi umjikelezo zokukhiqiza, futhi lokhu ayikwazi kodwa kuthinta impilo. Akukho PERIODICITY, abantu benza umsebenzi ofanayo unyaka wonke, ukuphumula kancane, njalo endaweni ethile ngokushesha. Yiqiniso, izimo zokusebenza ophilayo baye zaba ngcono, kodwa ngemiphumela induduzo enjalo ezingezinhle kakhulu.

Namuhla, amanzi angcolile, inhlabathi, umoya, udedele nemvula ene-asidi, ekubhubhiseni ezimileni nasezilwaneni ngokuvamile kulimaze isakhiwo kanye izindawo. Thinning ka ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi awukwazi okwesabisa nemiphumela. Konke lokhu kuholela izinguquko zofuzo, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, impilo zabantu uwohloka unyaka ngamunye, inani leziguli izifo ezingelapheki kancane kancane ikhula. Per umuntu ngokwezinga elikhulu kuthonywa yizici zemvelo, ukutadisha biology of lo mphumela. Ngaphambili, abantu zingafa amakhaza, ukushisa, indlala, ukoma, esikhathini sethu ubuntu "ngokwalo Omba ethuneni lalo." Ukuzamazama komhlaba, ama-tsunami, izikhukhula, imililo - zonke lezi zemvelo sibulala abantu, kodwa nakakhulu indoda ilimaza yena. Iplanethi yethu ifana umkhumbi, okuyinto ngesivinini ivuliwe emadwaleni. Ukumisa kuze kudaleke umonakalo ukuze alungise leso simo, zama nokungcolisa kancane, usondela nemvelo.

imithelela zabantu ebhodulukweni

Abantu esekhala ushintsho elibukhali imvelo, ukuwohloka kwempilo kanye jikelele nenhlalakahle, kodwa kuyaqabukela uyazi bona kule futhi kusolwa. izinhlobo ezahlukene yizici zemvelo ziye zashintsha phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ziye zaba khona izikhawu yokufudumala, ukubanda, ayasha kolwandle, isiqhingi wangena phansi emanzini. Yiqiniso, nohlobo indoda ophoqelelwe ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, kodwa akusho ukuthi abantu ubafake nohlaka eqinile awazange enze ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ngokushesha. With ukuthuthukiswa isayensi nobuchwepheshe kushintshile konke. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka isintu sinawo iplanethi engcolisiwe ukuze ososayensi ibambe ikhanda lakhe, bengazi ukuthi ushintshe isimo.

Sisayikhumbula mammoth futhi izibankwakazi, yokuqothulwa Ice Age ngenxa snap ebandayo, futhi zingaki ngempela izinto eziphilayo zezilwane nezitshalo ziye seziphelile ebusweni bomhlaba phezu zokugcina 100 iminyaka, kakhulu kangakanani-on the esengozini yokuqothulwa? emadolobheni Big zigcwele izimboni, nasemizaneni zinambuzane asetshenziswa kabanzi engcolisa umhlabatsi nemanti, yonke indawo kunethrafikhi ukugcwaliswa. Emhlabeni cishe akukho izindawo ezingaba ukuziqhayisa umoya ohlanzekile, inhlabathi ingangcoliswa namanzi. Kwamahlathi, imililo engapheli, imbangela okungakwazi kuphela nesivuvu, kodwa futhi imisebenzi womuntu, ukungcola kwamanzi nemikhiqizo kawoyela, kwekhabhoni eziyingozi emkhathini - konke lokhu kunomthelela omubi ukuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa eziphilayo futhi akusho ngcono impilo yabantu.

"Noma umuntu kuzonciphisa inani intuthu emoyeni, noma intuthu kuzonciphisa isibalo sabantu emhlabeni", - amagama LA Baton. Ngempela, ikusasa libonakala sisibi. I izingqondo engcono lesintu belwela kanjani ukunciphisa izinga lokuhlasela kwesifo yokungcola adalwe uhlelo, baziqambela ahlukahlukene yokuhlanza izihlungi, ngifuna enye nalezo zinto ukuthi manje ungcolisa kakhulu.

Izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo

Lemvelo nabantu namuhla Ningeze ukuvumelana. Bonke ohulumeni nalo izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni baye united ukusebenza ukuxazulula izinkinga ezikhona. Odinga ukukwenza ukuze uthumele ekukhiqizeni non-imfucuza, ivaliwe imijikelezo, endleleni eya ukusebenzisa emandla kanye impahla-technology. Izinto ezingokwemvelo kufanele babe abacabangelayo futhi bazivumelanisa esifundeni. Ukwandisa izinhlobo zezinto ezisebusweni sonqenqemeni lokuqothulwa, idinga ukunwetshwa ngokushesha ezindaweni ezivikelekile. Futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, kufanele kufundiswe sabantu, ngaphezu ekunikezeni imfundo jikelele kwemvelo.