Grand UMbusi Lithuania Vytautas: Biography, amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo, ezombusazwe yasekhaya, ukufa

I babelwazi usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa ayaziwa Vytautas. On izincazelo zamabanga zemihla ngemihla mlando baye bafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi wazalwa emhlabeni 1350. Grand Duke yaseLithuania Vytautas wayeyindodana futhi indodana yomfowabo ka-Algirdas Keistut lapho ngizalwa futhi akazange agomele ngokuthi amandla phezu isimo. isikhundla kwakhe okuphakeme phakathi Bakwethu, wathi iminyaka eminingi nezimpi eziningi civil kanye angaphandle.

Race for amandla

Ngo 1377, yena nomalume wakhe wafa Vytautas, Grand UMbusi Lithuania Algirdas. Amandla wadlulela indodana yakhe Jagiello. Keystut ukuthi kwaba Troki Duke, yena wavuma umshana abaphezulu kanye babuyela amacala akhe esiphuthumayo - anti-Catholic Crusaders elisungulwe naseBaltics oda abo ezempi. Nokho, Jagiello, wesaba bomfowabo kayise. Ngaphezu kwalokho, anda iseluleko uhlanyiswa eseduze.

Jagiello wangena umfelandawonye Crusaders ukuphuca Keistut ifa lakhe. Ngokushesha le mpi yombango, wakhe ubuhanjelwe Ngokuzayo Grand UMbusi Lithuania Vytautas. Ngo 1381 kanye uyise, wanqoba Jagiello. Kęstutis kafushane waba umbusi wawo lonke lelo zwe, futhi Vytautas - kwendlalifa yakhe.

impi yombango

Kakade ngonyaka ozayo - e-1382, e Lithuania, kwaqubuka ukuvukela ngokumelene Keistut uhulumeni. Bekanye Vytautas yena elathunjwa futhi waklinywa ejele. INdodana luhlangabezane esizindeni zamaJalimane Order. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, Poland naseLithuania wangena union, ngaleyo ndlela ngempumelelo ahlanganisiwe kwisimo esisodwa. Jagiello wasusa inhloko-dolobha yakhe ukuba Krakow. Khona-ke Vytautas eyenziwe umzala ukubuya Grand Duchy Samalungelo umbusi.

Nokho, impi ngokushesha phakathi kwabo kwabheduka ngamandla kuqale. Vytautas yaphinde yaba lokubalekela Crusaders, ayehlala nabo iminyaka emithathu belungiselela ukubuya okunqobayo ezweni lakubo. Ngo 1392-m, ngemuva kokwanda izimpi abazalwane ngemvume sivumelwano ostrów. Grand UMbusi Lithuania Vytautas waphinda baphinde isihloko. Ngokusemthethweni, wavuma ngokwakhe selikhonza yenkosi Polish, kodwa izazi-mlando zikholelwa kwakunjalo 1392 usuku kokuqala yayo de empeleni waba ukuzimela weBhodi.

Imikhankaso ngokumelene amaTartar

Ngemva kulwiwa, Vytautas ekugcineni bakwazi sinake izitha sangaphandle Lithuania. On imingcele eningizimu yezwe lakhe Umncele asemaqeleni, eyayiphansi kokulawulwa AmaTatar. Ngo 1395 u-khan iGolden zidlamlilo Tokhtamysh lahluleka kwasani ngobuningi bempi Tamerlane sika. Wabalekela Vilna, abafuna isiphephelo khona.

Yini kulesi simo wenza Vytautas? Grand UMbusi Lithuania, ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako yisibonelo umkhuzi asebenzayo ezazilwa bonke omakhelwane eziyingozi, bahluleka miss ithuba elinjalo. Yena uvikelekile Tokhtamysh futhi baqala ukubuthana amasosha agasele oseza asemaqeleni. Ngo 1397, ibutho isikhulu awela uDon, ngaphandle ukuhlangana ukumelana ekhethekile, siphangiwe sase wabhubhisa yokupaka AmaTatar. Lapho buthaka zidlamlilo ekugcineni wanquma empini Kwakusinda kwehlela ngokusobala awavumelani umusa wakhe. NaseLithuania wanqoba asemaqeleni wathatha ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane iziboshwa.

Kodwa lokho akuzange kuwumise Vytautas - Grand UMbusi Lithuania. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo eCrimea samenta ukuya nhlonhlo nhlobo, lapho abantu abayimizulane kanye igcinwe ngengcebo yabo Tokhtamysh nabaphikisi. ibutho Okokuqala Lithuanian neze akhwela kangaka ezweni yizwe lesitha leli. Vytautas wayethemba impumelelo yakhe ephefumulelwe uPapa ukumemezela pan-European impi ngokumelene AmaTatar. Uma ngempela umkhankaso onjalo waqala futhi yaphela ngempumelelo, isikhulu ongabala isihloko wasebukhosini kanye nokwanda eside ezindaweni empumalanga.

Battle of the River Vorskla

Nokho, impi ngaphansi ukusekelwa eRoma akwenzekanga. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, AmaTatar bakwazi ukuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso zombango bahlangane ukuze ngiphule izitha Western. Asemaqeleni eholwa Han Timur Qutlugh futhi temnik Yedigei. Babuthana enkulu impi amashumi ezinkulungwane amasosha.

Yini phikisa ngazo nanokuthi ubani esakwazi ukuyisho zibuswe yayo Vytautas - Grand UMbusi Lithuania? Domestic ezombusazwe umbusi wamvumela ukuthola ukusilela phakathi izingxenye ezahlukene zomphakathi Lithuanian. Endaweni yokuqala phambi kwakhe kwaba nenkinga yokungazi elala Russian labantu Orthodox ahlala endaweni enkulu yezwe. Vytautas anakekela laba bantu nababusi babo, kanjalo akwazi abazizuzela idumela elihle.

Umbono wakhe umkhankaso ingajezisa ngokumelene AmaTatar zazibonakala hhayi kuphela abantu bakhona-Orthodox, kodwa futhi abanye izikhulu ezimele Russian. Bekanye Vytautas bavumelana ukubhekana umbusi Smolensk. Sathola nosizo olwengeziwe basePoland ngisho zamaJalimane Order. Lezi amaKatolika wavumelana akha umfela ngokumelene asemaqeleni. Ekugcineni, nge Vytautas babe AmaTatar qotho Tokhtamysh.

Ibutho abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-40 isinyathelo empumalanga e 1399. Impi ewumnqamula-juqu senzeka River Vorskla - ngomfula owumthelela Dnieper. Vytautas yempi yokuqala lasungula okuhlaselayo, waze wakwazi ucindezela AmaTatar. Nokho, yesibili uhhafu ayimizulane ngaphambili kuthathwe iqhinga eshaya squad Lithuanian. Ngomzuzu wokugcina, amaTatar hit ezingemuva amaKristu, futhi lalifuna ukuba emfuleni. Impi yaphela behluliwe. Vytautas yena ulimalile ngasinda ngokulambisa. Ngemva kwalokhu ukwehluleka, kwakufanele bonyana enze bayakhohlwa ukunwetshwa asemaqeleni futhi isihloko wasebukhosini. Empini Kushone izikhulu eziningi Russian futhi Lithuanian: Polotsk ababusi, Bryansk futhi Smolensk.

Le nyunyana ne Poland

Ngemva kokunqotshwa at Vorskla Vytautas amandla wasongelwa. Walahlekelwa eziningi abasekeli, ngenkathi e Lithuania kwaqina imbangi yakhe entsha. Zaba Svidrigaylo Olgerdovich - ungumfowabo omncane Prince Jagiello futhi Vitebsk. Kulezi zimo, Vytautas wanquma ukungena union entsha ne Poland. Ekupheleni 1400, wahlangana ne Jagiello eduze Grodno, lapho mithi ngemvume idokhumenti, okuyinto kwasho isigaba esisha e ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwano of Krakow futhi Vilnius.

luyingqikithi inkontileka Yini futhi kungani kwakubalulekile ukuba? Jagiello elibonakalayo esaphila ubunikazi Vytautas Lithuania, okuyinto ngempumelelo bancishwa Svidrigaylo noma yimaphi amalungelo okwakufanele abe inkosi. Umzabalazo lakhe kuyize futhi ngokusobala ngowakho. Ngasohlangothini lwalo Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas ngemva kokufa kwakhe waqala kudlule sobukhosi kuze Jogaila, noma esikhundleni sakhe. Uma bekungelona, futhi liyisihlalo sobukhosi Lithuania sika wayesuke efuna abantu ekhethwa ivoti aristocrats. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo nabasePoland yibhange amalungelo alinganayo Russian Orthodox boyars. Lesi sivumelwano waziwa ngokuthi Pact atheleka ka Vilnius futhi Radom.

I ezingqubuzana Knights zamaJalimane

Impi elahlekile ne AmaTatar esenamandla, kodwa hhayi buhlungu ebulalayo. Ngokushesha Vytautas wasimama ke. Ngesikhathi undab 'uzekwayo baKhe kwaba ubuhlobo zamaJalimane Order. Crusaders sekungamashumi amaningi eminyaka kuthathwe izwe kusukela Lithuania nasePoland, ngesikhathi wahlanganyela yombango. Manje mithi babehlangene, ngakho-ke, phambi kwabo luvula kungenzeka esihlelwe Allied imisebenzi ngokumelene zamaJalimane Order.

Vytautas wayenesithakazelo ukubuyela ezweni Samogitians futhi Jagiello wafuna ubuyele Eastern Pomerania futhi Helminskuyu futhi Michalowski umhlaba. Impi waqala ngokubutha ukuvukelwa Samogitia. Angenelisekile ukubusa zamaJalimane asekelwe Vytautas. Grand UMbusi Lithuania, Biography iDemo okuyinto uchungechunge okuqhubekayo nomkhankaso wempi, wanquma ukuthi lokhu inamathuba ukuze bahlasele oFakazi phezu Crusaders.

Lo mkhankaso ngokumelene zamaJalimane Order

Ngo esigabeni sokuqala empini nhlangothi zombili isinyathelo ngokunqikaza. Okuwukuphela impumelelo enkulu nabasePoland naseLithuania kwaba ukuthunjwa inqaba Bydgoszcz. Ngokushesha abaphikisi waphetha isivumelwano sokuthula. Nokho, sathatha isikhathi esifushane, ngokuba phefu kwakudingeka abaphikisi yokugqugquzela izinqolobane zalo. Master of the Order Ulrich von Yunginen bacela ukusekelwa isiHungary King Sigizmunda Lyuksemburga. Enye zinikwa ukuze amaJalimane baba amasosha akwamanye amazwe. Ngesikhathi resumption impi le Crusaders kwadingeka ibutho usayizi izinkulungwane zabantu 60.

ibutho Polish ngokuyinhloko yamakhosi, wafika izidlamlilo ngemitimba yabo encane. NaseLithuania wasekela amaCzech namaRomany. Umholi wabo kwaba Yan Zhizhka - Ngokuzayo umholi odumile yamaHussite. Sasizigqokele ohlangothini Vytautas futhi ohlangothini isiRashiya, kuhlanganise ne-Prince of Novgorod Lengvenis. Ngesikhathi lempi umkhandlu umbimbi sinqume ukuya izindlela zabo ehlukile kuya neMarienburg - inhloko-dolobha zamaJalimane Order. Coalition amabutho kwadingeka okungenani zilingana emabuthweni zenkolo (abantu mayelana 60,000).

Impi yase-Grunwald

Uma esigabeni sokuqala empini Knights German yahlasela iPoland, manje nabasePoland naseLithuania ngokwabo ehlaselwa nempahla Order. Julayi 15, 1410 kwaba khona impi ewumnqamula-juqu lweMpi Enkulu (njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo emibhalweni yaminyaka Lithuanian). Allied ibutho elaliholwa Jagiello futhi Vytautas. kakade Grand UMbusi Lithuania, isithombe sayo portrait kuzo zonke ebhukwinitifundvo kumlando medieval European, kwaba legend phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe. Zonke bakubo, ngisho nezitha zakhe umxhwele ukuphikelela okuqinile nokukhuthazela umbusi ngalo imigomo yakhe. Manje wayesekwazi isinyathelo kude ukukwazi ukuhlukana ezweni labo ingozi omelelwa Crusaders lamaKatolika.

Steel indawo ngokuchaza impi eduze Grunwald edolobheni. AmaJalimane efika okokuqala lapha. Baqinisé izikhundla zabo, bemba ingabonakali emgodini izingibe usethe izibhamu abacibishelayo wamelela isitha. NabasePoland naseLithuania ekugcineni befika futhi wathatha isikhundla sabo. Jagiello kwaba ekujaheni ukuhlasela kuqala. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi esibucayi Vytautas zanquma ukuhlasela amaJalimane ngaphandle umyalelo kusuka inkosi yasePoland. Wathuthela uhlangothi lwakhe ngaphambi ngemva nje Crusaders esevulela ngenhlamvu ebhekise kubanikazi abaphikisi avela kubo bonke bombards yabo.

Mayelana ihora Knights wazama ukushaya off ekuhlaseleni naseLithuania futhi AmaTatar (at Vytautas isevisi wayebuye abakhwele amahhashi Crimean). Ekugcineni, Marshal Order of Friedrich von Wallenrod ngaphambilini balwe. NaseLithuania aqala ukwehla. Kwakucatshangwa le iqhinga, umqalisi okwakunzima Vytautas - Grand UMbusi Lithuania. Ukufa amabutho aseJalimane ayewubonile sizungezwe Crusaders elahlekile uhlelo yabo ehlelekile. Konke kwenzeka ngokufana ncamashí ekhulelwa nenduna. Okokuqala, Knights isinqumo sokuthi naseLithuania bayabaleka bethukile futhi babaphuthumisa ngejubane, kuyilapho ngalahlekelwa oda impi. Uma ingxenye ibutho lamaJalimane safinyelela bekamu lakwa-Vytautas, isikhulu ngaphambilini ukuvala ezingeni futhi ukuba azungeze isitha. Lolu hambo selifakiwe emahlombe Novgorod isikhulu Lengvenis. Yena abhekana ngayo umsebenzi walo.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iningi amabutho zamaJalimane balwa nabasePoland. Kwakubonakala ukuthi ukunqoba ezandleni amaJalimane. Jagiello Warriors ngisho elahlekile Krakow banner, Nokho, ngokushesha wabuyela esihlalweni sakhe. Umphumela impi isinqumo ngokufaka ibe impi reserves ezengeziwe ezilindele in amaphiko langemuva. NabasePoland ukuzisebenzisa kahle Crusaders. Ngaphezu kwalokho, mabutho Vytautas kungazelelwe hit amaJalimane kusukela flank sakhe okwabangela esibulalayo igalelo ibutho oda. Master Jungingen wabulawa empini.

I oMfelandawonye iwine, futhi lokhu impumelelo kusengaphambili umphumela impi. Lokhu kwalandelwa kokulivimbezela akuphumelelanga ka neMarienburg. Nakuba-ke kwadingeka ukuba isuswe, amaJalimane savuma ukunikeza zonke athumba ezweni kuqala futhi ukhokhe lokumiswa omkhulu. Won lweMpi Enkulu imakwe ikusasa isikhundla ovelele kule ndawo, inyunyana Poland naseLithuania futhi nentshonalanga oda Catholic emazweni aseBaltic. The hero undoubted wabuyela ekhaya Vytautas. Grand UMbusi Lithuania kwabuyela Samogitia, ngoba wayefuna ngosuku olwandulela lolo dweshu.

Ubudlelwano kanye eMoscow

Ngezinye Vytautas ngedwa intombazane UZandile. Washada Prince wakhe eMoscow Vasily mina - indodana Dmitriya Donskogo. umbusi Lithuanian bazama ukugcina ubudlelwane nobungane, unyana wakhe, umthetho, nakuba ohlushwa ngokuhehwa nangokuhungwa yisifiso sakhe ukuqhubeka nokwanda kwalo empumalanga ngezithukuthuku emazweni Russian. States ababili abaye baphikisa izikhungo zezombusazwe, ngamunye okungase emazweni East Slavic hlanganani. Nokho, Vytautas ngisho abhapathizwe emkhubeni Orthodox, kamuva iguqulwe yamaKatolika.

Isikhubekiso ngokuba nobudlelwane eMoscow-Lithuanian baba Smolensk. Grand UMbusi Lithuania, Vytautas isiRashiya, wazama kaningana ulinamathisela. Wabuye ngenkuthalo liphazamisa kwezombangazwe sangaphakathi Pskov futhi Novgorod Republic. Bathumela Vytautas impi, njengoba kwakunjalo nangemaKhristu Battle of Grunwald. Ngenxa Russian Grand Duke amazwe akhula ngendlela eyayingakaze amandla ayo osebeni Oka kanye eMoscow Region Mozhaisk.

Umzukulu Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas wayeyindodana Basil mina Vasiliy Temny II. Yena esihlalweni sobukhosi esewusana 1425. Uyise wayazi ukuthi eMoscow inamandla kancane kakhulu kanyekanye ukulwa naseLithuania futhi AmaTatar. Ngakho-ke, udliwe kakhulu kuyisezala umngcele izingxabano, ukugwema impi. Basil mina, ezifayo, ebuzwa ukuthi ivikele entsha Duke Vytautas kusukela nokungena amandla. Umzukulu Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas kwaba Basil II. Kuyinto lokhu ubuhlobo akazange avumele Ababethi sobukhosi ukuhlela umbuso.

eminyakeni yamuva

Ekupheleni yempilo Grand UMbusi Lithuania Vytautas kwaba le nkosi endala kunawo wonke eYurophu. Ngo 1430, eneminyaka engu-80 ubudala. Ngobusuku obandulela usuku lokukhumbula umbusi wanika Congress e Lutsk, okuyinto abamenyiwe Jagiello, Sigizmunda Lyuksemburga (ngokushesha ukuba babe njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma), inxusa sobupapa, nezikhulu eziningi Russian. Omunye yokuthi lesi senzakalo uqoqe iningi lababusi enamandla, kakade uthi Vytautas wayengomunye walaba izibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezepolitiki ngesikhathi sakhe.

On the Lutsk Congress okuxoxwe amathemba wokugcotshwa umuntu omdala. Uma wathatha isiqu esithi, okulingana lokho kwaba ngaleso Jagiello, ukuthi Lithuania abetawuba ezimele futhi uthole isivikelo eNtshonalanga. Nokho, nabasePoland, wamelana wokugcotshwa. Lokhu akwenzekanga. Vytautas nalapho afike ashonela khona ngemuva Congress Troki, October 27, 1430. indawo yakhe lokungcwatshwa ayikaziwa. Vytautas kwaba Grand UMbusi Lithuania iminyaka engu-38. Kwaba isikhathi kokubusa kwakhe sokuthuthwa kwempahla ukuthi State. Ukulandela izikhulu yawela ukwencika oyinhloko Poland. Ukuhlangana kwala mazwe womabili ngokuthi Commonwealth.