Kuzma Minin: Biography, izenzakalo zomlando, izidlamlilo. Kuzma Minin futhi Prince Dmitry Pozharsky

Esikhathini enkabeni yedolobha, kwi square eyinhloko yezwe, yasungula owaziwa emhlabeni lesikhumbuzo, ezidalwe 1818 by umqophi I. P. Martosom. Sihleli ke amadodana uyakufanelekela Russia - Kuzma Minin futhi Prince Dmitry Pozharsky ehoreni esindayo yezwe ephethwe ukuhlela phila ekulweni abahlaseli izinkulungwane eziningi abezempi zabantu. Izenzakalo leyo minyaka eside yaba enye yezindawo Amakhasi ekhazimulayo yomlando wethu.

Nizhegorodets Young lebhizinisi

Lapho kuzalwa Kuzma Minin, akwaziwa. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka emhlabeni 1570 ku iVolga emzini Balakhna. Ukuze alondoloze umlando amagama abazali bakhe - uMikayeli Domniki. Siyazi futhi ukuthi babengabantu eyisicebi, futhi lapho indodana yakhe wayeneminyaka eyishumi nanye ubudala, bathuthela Nizhny Novgorod - omunye wemizi emikhulu iVolga. Ngalezo zinsuku, kwanqunywa ukuthi izingane kusukela zisencane kakhulu ngendlela ukusiza oyise adle isinkwa. Kuzma kanye umkhuba umsebenzi usezuze ebusheni bakhe.

Lapho esekhulile, bese livula ibhizinisi lakhe siqu. Eduze izindonga ezibiyele abangu okungewakho Minin ekuhlatshweni izinkomo esitolo imikhiqizo inyama. Izinto zihambe kahle, okwenza ukuba ukwakha indlu yakhe kuleyandawo Emaphethelweni Annunciation, lapho esezinzile ngesikhathi abantu ngemali. Futhi ngokushesha ngathola umakoti omuhle - Tatiana Semenovna, ngubani waba ngumkakhe, wamzalela amadodana amabili - Nefedov futhi Leontius.

Le nduna ucingo Zemsky

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, Posadskogo uLyuda Kuzma wema ukukhalipha, amandla, futhi ezazidingeka umholi ecacile. Ngenxa yalezi zimfanelo izakhamuzi isiphetho, yena wajabulela udumo omkhulu, induna zawo ezikhethiwe Kuzma. Kodwa esivela ke ngempela ikhono ukuvula 1611, lapho Nizhny Novgorod sathathwa idiploma uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Hermogenes, owanibizela wonke amakilasi abantu abakhuluma isiRashiya ukuba usukume ne abahlaseli Polish.

Ukuze uthole ingxoxo le ncwadi ngalolo suku wayengaphuli uya umkhandlu wedolobha, ehlanganisa abamele ezisemadolobheni engenhla nabefundisi. Ngaya kuye futhi Kuzma Minin. Ngokushesha ngemva usomqulu yafundelwa izakhamuzi Nizhny Novgorod, wakhuluma nabo nge inkulumo evuthayo yokushaya ume okholweni futhi wobaba futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu engcwele engawayekanga futhi ukuphila noma impahla.

izidingo ezinqala impi

Izakhamuzi zomuzi kokunanaza obizweni lwakhe olukhulu, kodwa emikhulu efana kudingeka nemisebenzi futhi ziye zaba handyman ibhizinisi okhuthele, okuyinto amabutho kungaba ngokwezimali ibutho ephephile futhi abanolwazi ukulwa kumlawuli, bakwazi ukuthatha umyalo. Kwakumelwe Kuzma Minin futhi Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, oye wazibonakalisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba umbusi omuhle. Manje, kuzo zonke izindaba eziphathelene izidingongqangi zabantu izimali ezidingekayo ukuya ngqo Minin.

Ukusebenzisa idatha kusuka igunya lakhe futhi Esizwa amabutho Pozharsky, unquma ukuthi zonke umhlali edolobheni ubophekile ukuba neqhaza kulesi sikhwama jikelele inani elilingana ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yonke impahla yakhe. Emacaleni angakajayeleki leli nani lancipha laba okwesihlanu kokuhlaziywa kwamathenda zonke ayenazo isakhamuzi. Bathande ukwenza isabelo posited, zibancishe wonke amalungelo, wadlula ku esigabeni yezigqila, nayo yonke impahla yabo kuncike ngokugcwele kudliwe esivuna nezidlamlilo. Lezi imithetho ezinzima impi, futhi Kuzma Minin ayengenalo ilungelo lokusithola ukukhombisa ukuba buthakathaka.

Kumiswa nabezempi nokuqala ubutha

Ukufunda nokubhala, ezifana lowo got in Nizhny Novgorod, wathunyelwa nakwezinye emadolobheni amaningi Russia. Maduze e Nizhny Novgorod wajoyina amaqembu amaningi abasuka kwezinye izindawo, lapho izakhamuzi nge engengaphansi basabela ngentshiseko ezindabeni ucingo Umbhishobhi. Ngenxa ekupheleni kukaMashi 1612 ngonyaka we iVolga babehlangene izinkulungwane eziningi izidlamlilo, eliholwa Kuzma Minin futhi Dmitry Pozharsky.

Isisekelo kumiswa yokugcina kwezinhloko zamaviyo Yaba idolobha elinabantu abaningi kwezentengiselwano Yaroslavl. Ngakho, ngo-July 1612 izidlamlilo, e isamba sabantu abangaphezu kuka-abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu benziwa nokunciphisa amandla hetman Yana Hodkevicha, ukusheshe wokutakula ivinjiwe eMoscow, ikampu Polish. Impi ewumnqamula-juqu kwalandelwa Agasti 24 ngaphansi izindonga yenhloko-dolobha. bokuphakama kwamanani kwakubangelwa ohlangothini bahlaseli, kodwa isimo salo izidlamlilo bancishwa kubo izinzuzo. Prince Pozharsky futhi Kuzma Minin kwaholela inkambo impi futhi isibonelo sakhe siqu isibindi wagxilisa amasosha.

ezibiyele Siege

Ukunqoba kwase kuphelile. Izitha wabaleka, kusale ezandleni nabezempi Trophies ocebile: ematendeni, izibhengezo, izigubhu kanye nezinqola ezine ukudla. Kwathiwa ethumba iziboshwa eziningi. Getman waphonswa emuva kusuka eMoscow, kodwa ngaleso Kremlin-wall units babe Polish colonels jet futhi wake, okuyinto kwakusadingeka knock out. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla athile nabasekeli babo abangu - boyars, peremetnuvshiesya abahlaseli. Ngamunye wabo waba abezempi sakhe, naye kwadingeka alwisane.

Esikhathini nabasePoland ovinjezelwe ku ezibiyele isikhathi eside phezu ukudla, futhi abhekana khona indlala esabekayo. Ukwazi lokhu, Kuzma Minin futhi Pozharsky, ukuze ugweme abalimala ezingadingekile, wakunikela sokunikela, eqinisekisa ukuphila, kodwa wenqaba. Okthoba 22 (1 Novemba) abezempi ahlasela futhi athumba China Town, kodwa ukumelana ovinjezelwe baqhubeka. Kusukela indlala nezikhundla zabo baqala ubuzimu.

I Zinikeleni we abezempi Polish kanye entry kuya ezibiyele

Prince Pozharsky sashintsha izidingo wanikela abahlaseli ukuze ushiye ezibiyele nge izingalo kanye amabhanela, kusale kuphela eziyigugu intshontshiwe, kodwa futhi phezu nabasePoland abuhlangananga. Yafika amambuka kuphela - izicukuthwane nemikhaya yabo, okuyinto Kuzma Minin, emi Stone Bridge esangweni, kwadingeka ukuba bavikelwe Cossacks, isifiso esinamandla ngokushesha sokulungisa izindaba nge amambuka.

Ukuyiqonda injongo yangempela yokunikezwa sembubhiso zabo, October 26 (Nov 5) ovinjezelwe lacela umaluju, ushiye Kremlin. isiphetho sabo okwengeziwe wayehlukile. Lucky ibutho, wayala ephaphama: wayesemathuneni indawo Pozharsky abezempi, futhi wasigcina isithembiso sakhe, ukuba ziphile ngokuthumela kamuva e Nizhny Novgorod. Kodwa Regiment jet hit umbusi Trubetskoy futhi labhujiswa ngokuphelele Cossacks.

usuku Omkhulu emlandweni eRussia lezwakala Okthoba 27 (Novemba 6) e 1612. Ngemuva kwenkonzo, uzibophezele Archimandrite ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Monastery noDiyonisiyu, izidlamlilo Kuzmy Minina futhi Pozharsky, ukukhala of izinsimbi ngikweluleke wangena Kremlin. Ngeshwa, kuze kube yilolu suku engazange wahlala uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Hermogenes, owavusa ucingo abantu bakhe Russian ukulwa abahlaseli. Ngenxa yokwenqaba entandweni yabo nabasePoland Zamora aze afe egumbini we Chudov Monastery.

isihe I Tsar sika

Ngo-July 1613 kwakukhona isenzakalo esibalulekile lokho kwaqala ukubusa trohsotletnemu House Romanovs yesihlalo sobukhosi Russian ihlala lokuqala umumele - inkosi Mikhail Fedorovich. Lokhu kwenzeke phezu 12 Julayi, futhi ngosuku olulandelayo umsunguli lwamakhosi monarchic - bebonisa ukubonga kwabo izenzo zakhe yokushisekela izwe - Kuzma Minin anikezwe izinga yesikhulu we Duma. Kwaba umvuzo Uyakufanelekela, ngoba ngalezo zinsuku kwaba erenki wesithathu elithi "hlonipha", yesibili ngemva boyar futhi okolnichy. Manje ungumdali izidlamlilo wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba ahlale le Boyar Duma eliholwa oda noma umbusi.

Njengoba Minin wajabulela ukuqiniseka angenamkhawulo inkosi. Lapho 1615 Mikhail Fedorovich nabangane bakhe abaseduze waqhubeka waya ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra, ukuvikelwa inhlokodolobha ephathiswe bona, ngoba wayazi ukuthi, ukukhulula eMoscow kusukela beyizitha, umuntu uzokwazi amvikele esizayo. Esikhathini esizayo, i-emperor ngokuvamile omethembayo Minin izabelo wemfanelo.

Ukufa imfihlakalo elihlobene ne izinsalela hero

Kuzma Mihaylovich Minin wafa mhlaka-21 Meyi, Ngo-1616, wembelwa esontweni igceke lesonto Pohvalinskoy. Ngo 1672, owokuqala Nizhny Novgorod Metropolitan Filaret ngaphambilini ukuze uthumele umlotha walo esikhathini isimo Cathedral of the Kremlin e Nizhny Novgorod. Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu XIX kuhle agugile ngesikhathi ithempeli sabhidlizwa, kwathi ngo-1838, ngaphandle-ke wakha elisha.

isiboshwa sakhe washukumiseleka umlotha Minin nezikhulu eziningana. Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, ukuphishekela umgomo yokungakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona ukuba nenkani, amaBolshevik kwacekelwa phansi emhlabathini ethempelini izinsalela Nizhny Novgorod izidlamlilo wafika Museum lendawo, bese zadluliselwa Uyingelosi Enkulu UMikayeli Cathedral Nizhny Novgorod. Futhi wamukele ngokusemthethweni uthathwa njengoba endaweni yokungcwaba Kuzma Minin.

Nokho, abacwaningi kulesi sici ingihlupha. Kukhona kokuqagela ukuthi UMikayeli Ingelosi Eyinhloko Cathedral igcinwe nomlotha umuntu ehluke ngokuphelele, futhi izinsalela iqhawe abadumile namanje bahlale phansi endaweni lapho thempeli labhujiswa. manje Kukhona zakhiwa kwakhiwe Nizhny Novgorod abaphathi kanye City Council, ukuze ukuze kumbiwe bese uqinisekisa noma ukuphikisa kakhulu lo mbono akunakwenzeka.

Siyabonga inzalo

Ngemva kokushona kwendodana yakhe Minin kwaba Nefedov, owakhonza njengelungu ummeli e Moscow - a sezikhudlwana omunye oda inkosi sika. Ukukhumbula kokufaneleka kayise, Mikhail Fedorovich diploma ekhethekile lwaqinisa ilungelo lakhe kobunikazi emzaneni patrimonial ka Bogorodsk ku Nizhny Novgorod wesifunda. Wabuye Yayinepulazi ku ezibiyele e Nizhny Novgorod.

Kuzma Minin futhi Dmitry Pozharsky bavikela Russia, nozalo zokubonga 1818, eyasungulwa ngo-Moscow, lesikhumbuzo kulabo alwa yezwe labo kweqiniso. Umbhali wayo kwaba umqophi oluvelele I. P. Martos, futhi sidalwe ngomhlaka- ngeminikelo yokuzithandela evela ngabanye. Ekuqaleni kwakuhlelwe ukusungula lesikhumbuzo e Nizhny Novgorod - sombuso Wabantu Militia, kodwa kamuva banquma ukuthuthela ukuba inhloko-dolobha, njengoba feat kulaba bantu e Ububanzi yabo kudlulela ngalé edolobheni elilodwa.