Inkosi yokuqala eRussia - u-Ivan IV, ngokuthi "esibi"

Inkosi yokuqala eRussia akazalwanga ngo eMoscow, e Kolomna. Ngesikhathi, iMoscow yayingenye ezincane kanye neRussia yama elincane kakhulu. Nokho, usana wasebukhosini zimakwe bese ugcine Nkulunkulu. esengumntwana kwaba khona ukuthula okukhulu akwenzekanga. Ababheki iminyaka emithathu yenkosi - Izikhulu abazalwane Shuiskys - wadala esigodlweni kokubusa lokwesaba njalo ebusuku ngaba ukubonga uNkulunkulu ukuthi uyaphila: hhayi anobuthi, njengoba umama, hhayi Kushone umfowabo omdala, musa abolele ejele, efana ubab 'omkhulu, hhayi ukuhlushwa bahlukunyezwa bangaki uyise eseduze - Prince Vasily III.

Naphezu kokuthi kwakusinda kwehlela lokuqala Tsar eRussia kwase ngasinda! Futhi eneminyaka engu-16, okubuhlungu esingalindelekile nezifiso Knights wayeshadile embusweni! Ngokuqinisekile, ithi lokho izazi-mlando, kusikiselwa uhlakaniphile Metropolitan Macarius. Kodwa kungase kube kuhle ukuthi waqaphela ukuthi kuleli zwe lidinga ngesandla esinamandla ukumisa sokulwa okukhona ngaphakathi eqenjini ukwandisa insimu. Ukunqoba autocracy - ekugubheni ukholo Orthodox, eMoscow - owalandela waseConstantinople. Yiqiniso, umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi umshado wedolobha kwakuthandeka futhi icacile. Inkosi yokuqala eRussia Kwatholakala kweqiniso: kanye boyars ukubuswa, anda insimu yalo iminyaka 50 wokubusa - ngamaphesenti ayikhulu yamasimu isimo Russian ziye zanda kanye neRussia yama useye waba ngaphezu yonke iYurophu.

isihloko bobukhosi

Royal isihloko Ivan (i-Kubi) esetshenziswa lolungenamaphutsa wema engqongeni izikhundla okuhluke kakhulu kwezombangazwe European. isihloko Grand ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi "isikhulu" noma "isikhulu", ngisho nenkosi - ngaphandle kwengonyama uKhesari!

Ngemva wokugcotshwa izihlobo yenkosi elivela kumama usezuze izinzuzo eziningi, okuholela zabhikisha ezazibonisa John abasha, isimo sangempela mayelana wokubusa kwakhe. Autocracy - yintsha, olukhandlayo, nabo Ivan ephethwe ngaphezu yimpumelelo.

kabusha

Kazi kungani inkosi yokuqala eRussia - Johane Eyesine? Lapho benza lokhu sibalo? Futhi kakade kamuva kakhulu Karamzin wabhala "Umlando we State Russian" wakhe waqala Countdown ukuba Ivan Kalita. Futhi lapho ukuphila kwenkosi yokuqala eRussia futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi - Johane mina, idiploma ekuvunyweni sobukhosi yayifakwa wegolide elikhethekile ibhokisi-emkhunjini, wahlala inkosi yokuqala eRussia lapha lesi sihlalo.

Inkosi bezindla yinye isimo, kwenziwe ngaphandle kwekuhlela kabusha kwezindawo zasemakhaya kanye nokuhlelwa labial siguqulwe impi, wathatha Ikhodi entsha nguMthetho Ikhodi Yesevisi, obize le LoMhlangano lokuqala iZwe wamisa umthetho kuvinjelwa ukungena abathengisi abangamaJuda. Kukhona ijazi elisha izingalo nge ukhozi, njengoba Ivan Grozny - ozalweni le Rurik. Kepha akusikho lokho kuphela kubo: ohlangothini komama kayisemkhulu ezimfushane - umama, ugogo wami ngisho siqu sami - the kakhulu Sofya Paleolog, le indlalifa yowesifazane we ababusi baseByzantium. Kukhona omunye hlakanipha, uyaziqhenya, kanzima-working. Futhi enobudlova, futhi, kufanele kwelinye. Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi, ngisho imvelo zonya kwakungenakwenzeka kugucuka ukuthi kusobala ukuthi kwenkosi yawo yokuqala eRussia. Ukuguqulwa ibutho - amagama ambalwa, futhi kungakanani ngabo! Uvele 25000th ibutho strelets, eyayintula kuphela ukuhlomisa ne musket, izando kanye izinkemba, futhi izinyembezi epulazini! Nokho, dephula umnotho kancane kancane yabacibishelayo. Kube inombolo wezikhali hhayi ngaphansi kuka-2 ayizinkulungwane izibhamu. Ivan le Kubi ngisho nesibindi ukushintsha intela ye nokububula esikhulu Boyar Duma. Yiqiniso, hhayi nje nezicukuthwane akhononda ukwephula amalungelo abo. Bona lanyakazisa ohlanga ukuba kangangokuthi ophoqelelwe ukubonakala oprichnina. I nonogada kwakhiwa enempi yamaqhawe kuze kufinyelele ayizinkulungwane 6, singabali abacela enkulungwaneni ongasethemba izabelo ezikhethekile.

Ngo ngemithambo ebaleka igazi, lapho ufunda ngesihluku nokubulawa ukuthi iphethe nge negagasi isandla zenkosi. Kodwa Ivan hhayi kuphela Kubi, ngisho nanamuhla, izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi oprichnina akuyona kuyingozi, engabulawanga kusuka ekuqaleni. Boyars kwadingeka ukubuswa! Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinwabuzelayo kusukela West lokuhlubuka ngakho lanyakazisa izisekelo zokholo Orthodox, ukuthi sobukhosi untengantengile kanye ohlezi kuso, futhi inkosi yawo wonke umbuso Russian. Ubuhlobo kudide savela kusukela autocracy nabefundisi. Ngaphambi nezimfihlakalo ikholwa yinkosi babamba inkunzi sezindela amazwe futhi equliswa ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu abefundisi. Metropolitan okwakwenqatshelwe siqala ukuhweba oprichnina zemshchina. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inkosi oprichnina Ivan kwaba wesigodlo, enza imisebenzi eminingi lezindela, ngisho ekwayeni sang.

Novgorod neKazan

Ngaphambi unyaka omusha 1570 oprichnina ibutho wathuthela umkhankaso wokulwa Novgorod esolwa ngenhloso ukuletha Russia enkosini Polish. Oh, inkazimulo nonogada olushaqisayo oluhloselwe ukuhlekisa. Okuhleliwe aphanga ukubhuqwa e Tver, Klin, Torzhok kanye asele emadolobheni khulula, kamuva wabhubhisa Pskov futhi Novgorod. Futhi Tver Malyuta Skuratov waklinywa Metropolitan Philip izibusiso zokuchithwa lo mkhankaso wezimpi ezalandela. Kuyo inkosi empandeni wabhubhisa izikhulu zendawo yamatlege, singakwazi ithi okubhekiswe, kanye nomkabo, izingane nendlu. Lokhu ukuphanga eyathatha iminyaka kuze Liwele eRussia Crimean Khan Giray Divlet. Kulapho umbukiso ukususa abasha oprichnina ibutho! Kodwana ibutho impi neze. Nonogada spoilt, ubuvila. Nge amaTartar - lokhu akulona boyars futhi izingane zabo ukulwa. lulahlekile impi.

Bese uthukuthele Ivan! Glare kuhanjiswe ku Kazan kusukela Novgorod. Bese kuba khona wabusa lwamakhosi Giray. Waqeda Oprichnina eNgophezukonke ngisho wamenqabela ukwenza igama lakhe, ababulawa amambuka eziningi amashinga, ezintathu waya Kazan. Lapho ngiyoshumayela okwesithathu Kazan umaluju uma bebona kunesidingo, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana baba ngempela umuzi Russian. Futhi kusukela eMoscow kuze kube Kazan emhlabeni wonke ujenga inqaba Russian. It wahlulwa kanye Astrakhan Khanate, ngokujoyina emazweni Russian. Crimean Khan, futhi, kule perepalo ukuphela: kungakanani ungakwazi angajeziswa yokuphangwa Russia futhi eshisa idolobha yakhe enhle? Ngo-1572, 120,000th ibutho YaseCrimea lwaphuka 20000th ibutho Russian.

Ukwanda ezindaweni bempi Ukuhileleka

Bese kuba khona abangu kakhulu washaywa abaseSweden amabutho amabutho Novgorod, sesiphothuliwe ukuthula kunenzuzo by kakhulu ngendlela 40 iminyaka. Sasikulangazelela yinkosi ngowokuqala Rus Baltic walwa Livonians, nabasePoland, Lithuanian, nedlelo ngezikhathi nakakhulu Novgorod, kuze kube manje (enye inkosi enkulu Okokuqala - Peter) ayiphumelelanga lemizamo. Kodwa phesheya ngesaba ayilona ihlaya. Ngisho esungulwe zezombusazwe kanye nokuhwebelana England. Inkosi yaqala ukucabanga eZweni laseSiberia, yayingaziwa nhlobo. Kodwa baqaphe. Awu, lokho Ermak Timofeevich nge Cossacks wakhe wakwazi ukunqoba ibutho Khan Kuchum kuze oda yenkosi ukuze ubuyele Perm Ukuvikelwa komhlaba, Russia ngaleyo ndlela kunezimpande eSiberia. Futhi ngemva kwamashumi amahlanu of Russian weza elwandle eliKhulu iPacific.

ubuntu

Inkosi yokuqala eRussia lezwakala hhayi kuphela nenkosi yokuqala kodwa futhi umuntu wokuqala ukukhalipha, erudition kanye nama-scholarship.

Mayelana umtapo Ivana Groznogo namanje abohle legend. Theology wayevele ekwazi lapho pundits. Wabeka isisekelo sokuba wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo. Wayengumuntu nombhali eziningi stichera esihle futhi izincwadi (imbongi!). I yayala abefundisi ukuvula kulo lonke esikoleni ukufundisa izingane ukufunda, ukubhala. Uyena owanikeza igunya kuculwa polyphonic futhi ngavula inhlobo somculo e -Alexander zokuhlala. Wayengumuntu eyiqaphuqaphu kakhulu. A wokunyathelisa? Futhi St Vasiliya Blazhennogo ku Red Square? Lokhu kunganeliseki kwavela ngemva umbuzo mayelana nokunxusa ka-Ivan. Kodwa ukhohlwe abantu bephanga izinto, sokuhlushwa, nokubulawa, ihlazo nokubulala Simane oprichnina futhi abalandeli abefundisi bama-Orthodox? Ngemva kokuphela oprichnina, njengoba enjalo, akusiyo phezu, nje ngandlela-thile waziwa. Inkosi iphenduka, egqoke ngamaketanga, wabhaxabulwa yena. izindodla zemali ezinikelwe uma niyiphuza, njengesikhumbuzo esontweni imiphefumulo yalabo ababulawa ngenxa impilo namahloni. Washona Schemamonk.