KumiswaIndaba

Tiberiy Grakh - sezombusazwe Roman

Tiberiy Grakh ingenye ubuntu edume kakhulu emlandweni laseRoma lasendulo. Waba adumile njengoba lesishaya, wezinguquko, sezombusazwe futhi isibalo somphakathi. A indima ebalulekile ekusakazekeni Biography of the umholi abadlale izimo wabulawa lapho Tiberiy Grakh. Biography kwalesi sibalo zomlando Sizoxoxa yokutadisha kwethu.

umsuka

Tiberiy Grakh kwakungekaNkulunkulu Sempronius ubudala. Lokhu bohlobo, nakuba plebeian, kodwa ingeyamakhosi izindlu yabakhulu - iqembu elibusayo weRiphabhulikhi wamaRoma.

Umlando plebeian uhlobo Sempronius iqala countdown aso III. BC. e. Leli igatsha lokuqala abamele eliqavile Gracchi kwaba ukhokho ka indaba yethu hero, owayekhona naye namesake wakhe. Wayelethwa nodunyiswayo 238 BC. e. babe inxusa weRiphabhulikhi. indodana yakhe endala, uTiberiyu kwaba inxusa kabili kakade - e Eminyakeni engama-215 kanye 213. BC. e., kodwa wabulawa ngesikhathi Second ZabaseCarthage neMpi. ingane yakhe yesibili - Publius - umkhulu wakhe kwaba wezinguquko.

INdodana kaPhubhiliyu, obani ababefaka igama lomndeni bendabuko kukaTiberiyu, naye ukhishwa isihloko inxusa eminyakeni 177 futhi 163. BC. e. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ngo-187 BC. e., wayengumuntu induna enkulu abantu.

Publius washada Cornelia - umelele umndeni yizicukuthwane patrician indodakazi winner abadumile esikaHannibal - Publiya Korneliya Scipio uAfricanus uMdala. Kulesi umshado izingane 12 zizelwe. Nokho, aze abe mdala sakwazi ukusinda ezintathu kuphela: uTiberiyu Gracchus, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi, umfowabo omncane Guy nodadewabo Sempronia.

Ukuzalwa futhi intsha

Kukhona izinguqulo eziningana njengoba lapho eRoma wazalwa Tiberiy Grakh. I cishe ibhekwa njengezwekazi 166, 163 noma 162 iminyaka. BC. e.

UTiberiyu elahlekile uyise - wafa 154 BC. e. Nomama benqaba ukuba aphinde ashade. Nakuba, ngokusho legend, ke courted ngisho omele oPtolemy - asebukhosini laseGibhithe. Wanquma ukuba babanikele yena athanda ukukhulisa ngayo izingane.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka engaba yishumi uTiberiyu, kuthiwa wathatha ekolishi sobupristi augurs, okwakubekelwa wabhekwa njengonodumo kakhulu.

Tiberiy Grakh eyaduma esemncane. Waba khona bamba waseCarthage ngo-Second ZabaseCarthage neMpi, isinyathelo iphansi kwesandla sika-umzala wakhe ohlangothini komama of Scipio-African Emilian. Futhi lokho nelikaTiberiyu 146 BC. e. owokuqala zamaRoma ephethwe ukukhuphuka izindonga zalo muzi.

Okuqhubekayo inkonzo yezempi

Khona-ke uTiberiyu baqhubeka inkonzo yakhe kwezempi eSpain. Wayengumuntu quaestor noGayu Hostilius Manzini. Kodwa umkhuzi bakhe lamabutho esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe Iberia. Through izingxoxo, okuyinto wathatha ingxenye uTiberiyu, kwakunokwenzeka hhayi kuphela ukuhoxisa amasosha ayo kusukela imvelo, kodwa futhi ukuphetha ne Iberians evumayo ukuthula sivumelwano.

Nokho, lapho esephindele eRoma, uTiberiyu, Umkhandlu Wezigele wenqaba yenza idokhumenti, ngoba senziwa ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe.

Isimo sezombusazwe eRoma

Ngisho engxenyeni yokuqala plebeians ekhulwini III, ababengabendlu igama lomndeni kanye Gracchi, sakwazi ukwaziwa amalungelo alo ezombangazwe ngokungathandabuzi. Abacebe wabo kanye patricians bakha ikilasi elisha elibusayo yombuso wamaRoma - ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela.

Isikhundla yasungulwa ukuvikela amalungelo plebeian induna enkulu abantu. Amandla Beqondiswa imikhandlu nje kuphela ithuba abize umhlangano wezwe lonke futhi ukubeka phambili netinyatselo ngekwemtsetfo, kodwa futhi untula nelungelo Veto izinqumo iSigele. Abakhethiwe kulesi sikhundla kuphela abameleli lokuzalwa plebeian.

Isivuno a kwezepolitiki

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uTiberiyu kwesokunxele kwezempi ukuzinikela emisebenzini kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Kakade kokuba izinga elithile ukwanda phakathi kwabantu, wathatha ingozi e 134 BC. e. nembangi okhethweni of Beqondiswa imikhandlu zabantu, ukuthi ubani owinile ngempumelelo.

Omunye izihlinzeko zohlelo ukhetho kukaTiberiyu Gracchus, okuyothi lapho sasekelwa abantu, kwaba kwemhlaba kubanikati labafanele.

Izimbangela kwenarha

Ngaphambi Tiberiy Grakh wafika kwezepolitiki, isimo kunalokho esishubile elanqoba ngayo Republic wamaRoma. Kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye enkulu ukuqoqwa izindawo zomphakathi eqinisweni bagxila ezandleni abantu abambalwa abacebile ababa uthanda ngegama uthwebule ke yaqashiswa wombuso. Kwenqwaba zamaRoma phakathi kwenqubo baba abangenamihlaba, ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kuwumthombo wemali ezimele. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni phansi izakhamuzi, okuyinto yena, wabavumela ukuba sebuthweni, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi ngoba amadoda eyayibekwe impahla ziqu. Ngakho, inqubo umhlaba ngokungaqondile zibulale izivikelo Republic wamaRoma. Lokhu ngenhlanhla kwaba esinye sezenzakalo ezivelele kungani incithakalo abalimi ayinandaba uTiberiyu Gracchus.

Ngo latifundia esikhulu, futhi kuya kuba umsebenzi nakakhulu yezigqila. A abalimi abangenamihlaba wangaphambili baphoqeleka ukuya edolobheni, unezela kukhona ungqimba we underclass, kodwa awalulahlanga amalungelo abo ezombusazwe abo lumpen. Kuyinto abathiwa kulindeleke kakhulu umhlaba kabusha.

Ingqikithi kwenarha

umthetho kokuLima kukaTiberiyu Gracchus Kucatshangwa nokwehlisa emakamu esiphezulu isikhala yaqashiswa ezandleni nomnikazi oyedwa - akukho kuka-500 uger, okuhambelana 125 amahektha. abaninimhlaba elikhulu, ababe anawo izingxenye ebalulekile nganoma kwadingeka abuyele insalela-domain yomphakathi. Khona-ke la mazwe Kwasakazwa phakathi izakhamuzi abangenamihlaba weRiphabhulikhi Roman - 30 uger wonke umuntu.

UTiberiyu Gracchus umthetho namanje inikeza impumuzo ngoba abacebile. Ngakho, ndodana ngamunye wazalwa babekwazi ugcine ozikhethela ngaphezulu 250 uger umhlaba. Noma kunjalo, endaweni ingqikithi ezibonakalayo umndeni akufanele babe engaphezu kuka-1000 uger.

Tiberiy Grakh ezihlongozwayo ukwakha ikhomishana wezolimo kwabantu abathathu oyobe abahileleke ngokuqondile ukusatshalaliswa umhlaba.

Nokho Gracchus wayehlose ukusebenzisa umthetho, hhayi kuphela ukuze uqinise abalimi abancane kanye nokuqinisa impi, kodwa futhi ningaphinde siqu abanikazi ezinkulu.

umthethosivivinywa

Inqubo ukutholwa sebhili kwaba ushintsho olukhulu ngempela inqubo ezinzima.

Nakuba leli siko yafuna ngaphambi kokwenza noma isiphi isikweletu acele ukwesekwa iSigele, ke akuzange zimiswe zaqina zimiselwe ngumthetho. Lapho ukuthi izibonelo iSigele ukundlula izixazululo ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke, uTiberiyu sikhathi ngatshela ingxoxo sebhili kuMkhandlu kaZwelonke.

Kodwa lo mthethosivivinywa ngokushesha vetoed omunye zezitsha - Octavius, ngubani wayebathanda iyasebenza ekugcineni oludala. Ngenxa yezizathu siqu akakuthandanga ke, yini umthetho wasikisela Tiberiy Grakh. Ukusingatha wezinguquko e iSigele akazange ukushintsha stalemate.

Khona-ke uTiberiyu Octavia okuqalwe nokususwa esikhundleni njengomuntu uyeza ukulimaza abantu. Beqondiswa imikhandlu akhethwe esikhundleni Octavia, asekelwe kabusha.

Ngemva ukwamukelwa sikazwelonke Bill nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo, wathola amandla umthetho.

Ukusebenza umthetho

Lapho nje Commission likhethwe, owawungumnyaka ukusebenzisa indlela lokuhlelwa kabusha komhlaba. Kuyo, ngaphandle uTiberiyu, babe umfowabo nomalokazana Guy Aphiyo Klavdiy Pulhr.

senators Rich wazama zonke izindlela ukuba simelane umsebenzi lo myalo. Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, yena, waqhubeka efeza imisebenzi ewumgogodla. Enye impumelelo enkulu emsebenzini walo myalo isigaba ingcebo inkosi YasePhergamu Attalus, ngubani washiyela wonke umcebo wakhe futhi umbuso weRiphabhulikhi wamaRoma.

Ukubulawa kukaTiberiyu Gracchus

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, nezitha kabusha kukaTiberiyu Gracchus azame nokuhlela ukhetho lomunye nembangi sokuba induna enkulu, lapho isikhathi sokuba sesikhundleni wezinguquko yabhujiswa. Bakhetha isikhathi lapho abalimi abaningi wancika ngu isixuku, babehilelekile umsebenzi wezolimo futhi wahluleka ukusukuma eRoma.

Phakathi Assembly Yabantu ehlobo lika-133 BC. e. Mina waqala sekusuke isidumo, abasekeli eziningi wezinguquko babulawa phakathi lapho. Esezibulala imele. Kodwa ukufa kukaTiberiyu Gracchus akakwazanga ukumvimba inqubo ukuthi umkhankaso.

Isiphetho izinguquko

Ngemva kokufa kukaTiberiyu Gracchus, nakuba abalandeli ithulula ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu, umthetho nezokulima awuzange kukhanselwe futhi liqhubekile.

Kunalokho wabulala ilungu Commission esinye isihlobo of Gracchus - Gaya Krass umalokazana.

Kodwa abaphikisi labamelene kwaba nokho ngempela high, futhi ngo-129 BC. e. Ikhomishini kwadingeka ukumisa imisebenzi yayo, nakuba ngaleso sikhathi lase ungenzanga eziningi. Kodwa umthetho, eqinisweni, baqhubeka ukusebenza, kodwa manje ukuqaliswa salo sesibe kufakwe amandla inxusa.

Ngo 123 BC. e. Gay Grakh Uzame ukuqhubeka yeningi esiqalweni umzalwane. He hlomela eziningi imithetho esezamukelwe zabo ukuze bakhonze izithakazelo plebs abavamile. Lezi zihlanganisa Ummbila Imithetho, traffic, zokwahlulela, lempi. Owokugcina kubo laba ungumhambeli edumile kwekuhlela kabusha lempi Gaya nguMariya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noGayu Gracchus kuphumelele iziqondiso sokuhoxiswa abalimi bakuleli koloni ngaphansi kwegama Juno eNyakatho Afrika ku emanxiweni iCarthage. Lo mcimbi kwaba ukukhuthaza nokuthuthukiswa abameleli ezweni abangenamihlaba plebs.

Kodwa ngo-121 BC. e. Guy wabulawa, efana umfowabo, abaphikisi. Njengomhlaba ukufa kukaTiberiyu, leli qiniso ayikwazanga anqande izinguquko yeningi okwakuzamehlela e zomphakathi wamaRoma. Esikhathini esizayo, baye kwaholela empini yombango. I Apotheosis ka kulwiwa kwaba udweshu phakathi Gaya UMariya no Sulla, uPompey Yuliya Tsezarya, uMark Antony futhi Octavian Awugustu.

Inani ngabanye

Tiberiy Grakh kuze kube sekugcineni esinye izibalo yisakhiwo sodumo kakhulu emlandweni laseRoma lasendulo. Wayengomunye ngowokuqala ukwethula umthetho, okokuqala kunakho konke, eyenziwe izithakazelo maqembu abuthakathaka zonke izakhamuzi. Nakuba namanje akukacaci ngokugcwele zonke izisusa zokuziphatha sakhe, njengoba abanye mlando zikholelwa omunye izizathu zeziyaluyalu nokuhileleka kwezombusazwe ngxabano yayo siqu nabanikazi ezinkulu ezweni, kodwa nokho zibe nethonya elihle yeningi zomphakathi wamaRoma akuyona imibuzo.

Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kwaba Tiberiy Grakh wasungula isiqondiso zezombusazwe ukuthi ikusasa lalenziwa ephathini yelinyenti populists.

Kwaba isiqalo ngeziqu zamehlo Gracchi abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu ngezinye izikhathi esichazwa ngokuthi kuvulwe isikhathi sempi yombango e-Republic wamaRoma.

Kuyinto engenakwenzeka overestimate izinzuzo ukuthi ukhuphe abantu elula Roman Gracchus. UTiberiyu noGayu phakade emlandweni wonke, sibonga izenzo zakhe.

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