Isikhundla Afrika maqondana nezinye amazwekazi nasolwandle, iziqhingi, amatheku, sisebunzimeni. Yiziphi izici indawo Afrika?

Afrika - izwekazi kuleyo ndawo yesibili kuphela Eurasia. Enkabazwe sihamba cishe phezu phakathi ingxenye. isikhundla Afrika maqondana nezinye amazwekazi kuyinto isithakazelo esiqotho. A izwekazi ngokuphelele, okumbalwa, iwela endaweni ephakathi ezishisayo wasenyakatho nowaseningizimu futhi.

Incazelo yaleli zwekazi

izifundo Geography ngesikhathi abafundi esikoleni 7th angakwazi ukuthola umsebenzi, "Chaza isikhundla Afrika maqondana nezinye amazwekazi." Buciko ke ungaqala encazelweni elandelayo. Izwekazi wageza ngu kwezilwandle eziningana nasolwandle. West Coast out Atlantic, eningizimu nasempumalanga - Indian Ocean, enyakatho - luya eMedithera futhi enyakatho-mpumalanga - oLwandle Olubomvu. Afrika iba ingxenye yezwe, uma sifaka oya ezwekazini eziqhingini eziseduze. It ithatha 6% kobuso nangeplanethi enguMhlaba-20% ndawo.

Kusukela eningizimu, empumalanga nasentshonalanga uphela izwekazi headlands. It Agulhas, Almadies futhi hafun ngokulandelana. Enhla nenyakatho Ras ben Sakka ethulwa. Leli zwekazi abakwazi ukuqhosha inqwaba iziqhingi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke futhi ngobukhulu babo - Madagascar. Ngokuthakazelisayo isikhundla Afrika maqondana nezinye amazwekazi nasolwandle, iziqhingi, amatheku, sisebunzimeni.

inhlonhlo waseSomalia itholakala ogwini olusempumalanga, wedging e-Indian Ocean. EGulf of Guinea kwephula wabuka abushelelezi ugu olusentshonalanga. Ububanzi engxenyeni esenyakatho zwekazi likhulu 7.5 thous. Km, kukhona amatheku eziningana. Shelf nhlobo yasebhange kuphezulu, ekupheleni zokugwema ukuphuka. ukujula Okubi kanye surfs enamandla ukwenza ukwakhiwa kwamachweba nezitsha asondele umsebenzi kunzima kakhulu.

Mediterranean noLwandle Olubomvu - umngcele wemvelo phakathi Afrika eYurophu nase-Asia. izimo zemvelo kanye zezulu ka engxenyeni esenyakatho nezwekazi okusikhumbuza eziseningizimu yeYurophu ntshonalanga Asia. Gibraltar strait ububanzi km 14 - umgoqo phakathi Old Umhlaba nase-Afrika. Suez mdweshu yokuxhuma ezwekazini ne-Asia. Ngo XIX leminyaka ngemuva kokuthi bemba siteshi ukudlula imikhumbi. Ngasogwini Afrika misele ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo the Old World e-Australia nase-Asia.

Isimo e-Afrika nase-Australia maqondana nezinye amazwekazi

I amazwekazi eningizimu babe izici ezivamile isikhundla zezwe ezikhethiwe ukuze abathintekayo izimo zemvelo kanye sezulu. Izindawo ezisemqoka ze-Afrika ne-Australia abasondelene yenkabazwe, ngakho ezindaweni zawo lehla kakhulu emisebeni yelanga. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inani ukushisa idluliselwe phansi, cishe asishintshi izinyanga ezahlukene.

I amazwekazi eningizimu babe izibopho buthaka emzimbeni nomunye kanye nakwamanye amazwekazi. Okungabalulwa Afrika, okuyinto ngokucacile exhunywe ne nezwekazi Eurasia. Australia ayinakho zokuxhumana umhlaba nezinye amazwekazi kusukela phakathi Mesozoic. Kulezi zinsuku, phakathi kwamazwe ngamazwe nhlobo exchange of abameleli izilwane nezitshalo imihlaba. isikhundla Afrika ezindawo maqondana nezinye amazwekazi ngokuvumela yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene ukuhambisa ngokukhululekile ngale. Nature yeNhlonhlo Arabhiya kanye Sahara kanye Atlas esifundeni futhi ugu inezici efanayo kahle noLwandle LwaseMedithera.

nezwekazi lase-Australia ngokuphelele okungewakho ekuthunyelweni eNingizimu Nenkabazwe. Northern ithiphu ibhangqwe ezilwandle ezifudumele. archipelagos Pacific umthelela zibuthaka, okuyinto ukuvikela nezwekazi kusukela ohlangothini olungasempumalanga. Phakathi kwezinye amazwekazi eningizimu, Australia iyona elithé qekelele kunawo. Leli qiniso has a negalelo elinamandla izitshalo zendawo ezilwaneni nasezimileni.

Afrika futhi Oceans

Isimo mayelana nezinye amazwekazi Afrika kungenziwa libhekene kanje:

• emkhawulweni Western abaxhumana ukusakaza ezibandayo nge.
• Ogwini olusempumalanga bedle kwabo amanzi afudumele.
• Ukuphela eningizimu ubizwa wageza ngu imisinga enamandla omoya entshonalanga lapho imnandi kakhulu.

Lezi zici zivamile wonke amazwekazi eningizimu Yiqiniso, namanye izichibiyelo. Amapharamitha elandelayo acacisiwe yezwekazi lase-Afrika:

• Kutholwe khona kanye phakathi nendawo yenkabazwe. ogwini oluseningizimu nasenyakatho cishe iyafana nobubanzi.
• Northern ekupheleni kuthonywa oLwandle iMediterranean, lokhu kubonakala ubunjalo ezizungezile zaleli zwekazi.
• Afrika - umakhelwane zaleli zwekazi Eurasia futhi has ukufana ne-South-West Asia.
• Vele omunye amazwekazi eningizimu ikakhulukazi etholakala Nenkabazwe. Lena Afrika.

Usayizi nomumo

Uma ucabangela isikhundla Afrika maqondana nezinye amazwekazi nasolwandle, ingasaphathwa Umumo yayo nosayizi. Le ndawo ebusweni nezwekazi million 29.2 amakhilomitha ^2, okuyinto cishe ingxenye yabantu Eurasia.

Ifomu ilandela imithetho ezwekazini, ezivame kuwo wonke amazwekazi omhlaba,

• Umbuso wasenyakatho ingxenye ebanzi kakhulu futhi eningizimu - emincane.
• Ububanzi ngobukhulu - at zindawo aphansi.

Equatorial, ezishisayo Lesisemkhatsini zone zezulu ihlanganisa cishe 85% endaweni Afrika. Lena ejwayelekile amazwekazi, okuyizinto eningizimu. Northern amazwekazi ube% 20 kuphela yalezi zindawo.

ugu lolwandle

On lokho izwekazi ngeke asebenzelana ngayo, ngeke akwenze ngaphandle kokukhuluma incazelo izakhiwo ezindawo ka emikhawulweni isimo ezwekazini. Afrika nayo iyathinteka kulokhu. Uma siqhathanisa degree of maholoholo bobunjwa ezahlukene amazwekazi (isilinganiso endaweni zensimu elalihlala peninsulas enkulu, ukuze lonke ebusweni nezwekazi), sithola lesi sithombe esilandelayo:

• 1:99 - Afrika.
• 1:50 - South America.
• 1: 4 - Australia.
• 1: 3 - i-Eurasia kanye North American.

Ngokuvamile, amazwekazi zitholakala kule zindawo eningizimu, abe inombolo ezincane esiningi peninsulas ezinkulu.

Lolu cwaningo zaleli zwekazi

Afrika ngenkuthalo waqala ukufunda ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, lapho abacwaningi Western wayemagange uthole imithombo emisha izidubedube bemvelo. Inani elikhulu mikhankaso lahlelwa ngaphakathi kuleli zwekazi. It wahlolwa phezulu, bese phakathi futhi sifinyelela engezansi. Niger. Abavakashi ewela i-Sahara.

Ngemva yalolu cwaningo kuthinte eningizimu yezwekazi lase-Afrika. p wafunda. ELimpopo. ososayensi Russian abathintekayo kulo nemingenela incazelo uhambo we zomfula iBlue Nile. Wembula kancane kancane ukuthi entsha amachibi, izintaba, imifula wafunda. Omunye imiphumela yocwaningo ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX kwaba ucwaningo emifula: eCongo, Nile, iZambezi futhi Niger. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu elilandelayo ezwekazini wathola ezifakwa abalulekile kwemithombo yemvelo.

impumuzo

Impumuzo kanye nesikhundla Afrika maqondana nezinye amazwekazi Zomhlaba - umphumela ekuthuthukiseni zomlando zaleli zwekazi. Ebusweni ungu- eyinqaba. Le ndawo main kuhlala emathafeni futhi Amathafa, etholakala endaweni engamamitha 200-1000 m ngaphezu kolwandle. izindawo Eliphansi kancane. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke yasethafeni - eMpumalanga naseNingizimu Afrika. I ephakanyiswe endaweni enye agcwalise (Kalahari Congo njll).

umlando Tectonic zaleli zwekazi

Yiziphi isikhundla ezindawo ka Afrika nokuthuthukiswa kwalo ngokomlando? Ngesisekelo ezwekazini yesikhulumi Arabian-Afrika, kuyinto ehluke lasendulo. Yasungulwa ngenxa ukuhlukaniswa of Gondwana, ezavela Archean-Proterozoic. Eminyakeni ayizigidi zezinkulungwane ezimbalwa, yesikhulumi uye emqaleni. Northern Atlas Mountains kanye eSouthern Cape engimbumbile kamuva kakhulu.

platform Giant wahlupheka nezikhathi awalethe kanye subsidence. Northern ithiphu izikhathi eziningana ingaphansi kolwandle. Ngaphansi kwesithombe senqaba rocks crystalline kukhona izingqimba sedimentary. Ngaphezu kwalokho eningizimu, phakathi eSahara, esisekelweni kuze kwamanzi.

Ingaphezulu empumalanga naseningizimu ye-Afrika kwamiswa ngendlela ehlukile: amagxolo ngokuvamile kuyakhula futhi amakhefu. Basuke kokuvela nekusebenta mlilo. Kulezi zifunda, - sebuningini emathafeni kwakhiwa lava notshwala. Grabens ogcwele amanzi futhi waphenduka echibini. umsebenzi Volcanic nokundindizela cortex waphawula kuze kube manje. Izoni nemifantu-mlilo, phakathi kwawo - Kilimanjaro. Lena iphuzu esiphezulu ezweni, okuyinto ilingana 5895 amamitha.

amaminerali

Yiziphi isikhundla ezindawo ka Afrika nokumbiwa izinqolobane? Leli zwekazi has iqoqo elinothile Amasimu, eziningi zazo ziphakathi kwezinhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

namaminerali Ore - igolide, iron, ithusi, zinc, njll -. KungokukaJehova isiteji isisekelo lasendulo. Siqukethe emadwaleni ezilandelayo: igneous futhi metamorphic. Imali abacebe ezikhona ezindaweni eningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Afrika. Igolide igodla Afrika imikhondo nethusi zibalwa yesibili emhlabeni.

Diamonds - omunye amagugu aleli zwekazi. Lezi amatshe asetshenziswa hhayi kuphela emkhakheni ubucwebe, kodwa futhi indaba sekukaningi emhlabeni. Afrika inikeza ½ zomhlaba diamond funa. Imali yalesi itshe atholakala Southwest futhi ezindaweni ezimaphakathi zaleli zwekazi.

Isimo sezulu

isikhundla Afrika maqondana nezinye amazwekazi uchaza izimo zawo zezulu. It ubhekwa endaweni ezishisayo emhlabeni. Ingxenye esemqoka nezwekazi libhekene okushisa phezu +20 ºC. Lezi zimo ezihlobene ne nokuthola Afrika phakathi ezishisayo wasenyakatho nowaseningizimu futhi. Kule ndawo, ilanga liphakame, futhi ngonyaka kabili iwela zenith. Seasonality sivezwe okungaka lokushisa umehluko eseyimvula.

Afundwa notshwala asemkhathini kunqunywa izimo zezulu, degree of hydration kanye PERIODICITY yayo. Ngenhla yenkabazwe, indawo ingcindezi ongaphakeme, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izigxobo uhlangothi - okusezingeni eliphezulu. Trade imimoya kwakuhlanganisa cishe lonke elase-Afrika. Inzika ukuletha kuphela umoya ohlabayo kusukela eningizimu-mpumalanga. Ngo izimvula zasebusika ezisondelene nazo kwakhiwa kusuka umoya onomswakama, ivela Atlantic.

sezulu esihlukahlukene

Uma ucabangela isikhundla Afrika maqondana nezinye amazwekazi, kubalulekile ukukhulisa indaba zonation zezulu:

• Equatorial ibhande. Kuhlanganisa indishi. Congo nasenyakatho eGulf of Guinea.
• ibhande Tropical. South futhi enkabazwe enyakatho.
• indawo esihle. Kuhlanganisa ithiphu wasenyakatho nowaseningizimu futhi zaleli zwekazi. isimo sezulu kukhona eliphezulu abantu.

Ososayensi abaningana ungabelani ngowokuqala esishintshashintshayo ezimbili, futhi ngikubheka njengelungelo enkabazwe-tropical. Ngo kwemingcele yayo isehlane endaweni ngenani izinyanga ezinomswakama.