Imfundo:Isayensi

Ubude bomathumbu

Amathumbu ngumnyango wesimiso sokugaya ukudla ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi. Ulandela ngqo isisu. Emathunjini, ukugaya kokugcina kokudla okuthathiwe, ukumunca kwezakhi, kanye nokususwa (ukukhishwa) kwezinto ezingaphenduliwe kwenziwa.

Kwezinye izilwane, i-tract digestive iqukethe kuphela kulo mnyango. Kulesi simo, ubude bomathumbu buxhomeke kuhlobo lwesilwane, izici zokudla ezisetshenziswayo kanye nobudala.

Isakhiwo esivinjelwe kakhulu kulo mnyango sokugaya sigcinwa emahlathini kanye nama-coelenterates (colonial cnidaria). Owesibini unesisu esisodwa esisodwa somzimba, lapho kukhona khona umthamo phakathi komuntu odlayo, namanye amalungu ekoloni. Ama-flatworms anesivulo esisodwa sokudla nokulahla.

Ama-invertebrates (izinambuzane, ama-mollusks) anamathambo ahlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu (i-anterior, i-posterior neyaphakathi). Ingxenyeni engaphambili ihlanganisa umlomo, i-goiter, i-pharynx, i-hoophagus, ngemuva kukhona i-anus ne-rectum, phakathi-empeleni, amathumbu, izitsha zaseMalpighian, isisu. Amanye ama-polyps ama-coral anemathumbu angaphandle. Ukugaya, ngakho-ke, kwenziwa ngaphandle.

I-Larvae yezibani nezibani ze-lancelet zinomuthi oqondile futhi ophansi. Isigungu siqala ngokushesha ngemuva kwesigxobo se-oropharyngeal. Ubude bamathumbu webani zezibani ezindala (hhayi ngaphezu komzimba ngokwawo). Isidumbu siqala ngemva nje kwegazi, ine-valve ngendlela yokuvunguza. Ngenxa yalesi sifo esine-screw-like longitudinal, indawo yokumunca nokugaya kuyanda. I-valve yokuvunguza ikhona kuma-sturgeons no-shark.

Ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ubude bomathumbu buyakuvumela ukuba zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenye - intombazane eqondile, ejulile neyincane. Lo mzimba ubonisa izimfihlo ze-pancreas nesibindi. Ekuqaleni komathumbu wezinhlanzi zethambo zitholakala nge-appendages ye-pyloric (izinqubo eziyimpumputhe). Inombolo yabo ingahle ihluke. Ama-Amphibians ane- duodenum, futhi i- rectum ivula i-cloaca.

Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezihlala emhlabeni zinezikhukhula ezinhle. Itholakala emngceleni womnyango onzima futhi omncane. Ubude bomathumbu (obuncane) bezinyoni kaningi ubude bomzimba. Kusuka emnyangweni ongemuva, ovula i-cloaca, uhlukaniswa yimiphakathi emibili eyimpumputhe. Ayikho emathunjini emathunjini namakhulu.

Izilwane ezinomsoco zinezinambuzane ezinde. Izimpumputhe nezingxenye ezinzima zithuthukiswa kahle. Ubude bomathumbu amakhulu emagundeni bufinyelela kufinyelela ku-53% ubude obuphelele bomathumbu wonke. Izidakamizwa zifushane kakhulu. Isibonelo, imvu inamathumbu ayo ubude obudlula ubude bomzimba ngamahora angu-29-35, i-boar ngo-14, ihhashi engu-12, nempisi e-6. Isigaba esinyene sakhiwa yi-microflora ye-symbiotic eyakhiwa kahle kakhulu emanzini.

Amathumbu womuntu yilona isakhi esikhulu kunawo wonke ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla . Iqala kusukela esiswini bese iphela nge- open anal (anus). Isisindo sokudla siyaqhutshwa phambili nge-peristalsis (izinqamuzana ezifana ne-wave). Ngenkathi yokugaya, ama-microorganisms esithombeni kanye nama microflora ayo ahilelekile. Kulesi sigaba segciwane lokugaya, akugcini kuphela ukugaya okwenziwa, kodwa nokuxilonga kwezakhi eziwusizo ekudleni, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hormone ngabanye, kanye nezinqubo zokuvikela umzimba.

Ekuphileni, ubude bomathumbu kumuntu (omdala) cishe ngamamitha amane. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, kungamamitha amathathu, okungaphezu kokuphakama kwesana olusencane izikhathi eziyisithupha. Ubude bomathumbu womuntu emva kokufa banda futhi buba ngamamitha angu-7 kuya kwangu-8. Lokhu kungenxa yokuphumula kwemisipha emva kokufa.

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