Isimiso sezwe uCopernicus. Ingqikithi uhlelo heliocentric zomhlaba. Ptolemaic

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani ngesikhathi ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi yayibuswa uhlelo zomhlaba, esekelwe emibhalweni yeBhayibheli. Ngemva kwesikhashana, yena salandelwa Aristotelianism dogmatized futhi ehlongozwayo ngu uPtolemy uhlelo ka- geocentric. Kususelwa yakamuva idatha yabalingisi ukungabaza ababecabanga yezinkanyezi kancane kancane zanqwabelana inkambo yomlando. Yaba ukudideka kakhudlwana futhi sobala kakhulu, eyinkimbinkimbi nokungapheleli kohlelo Ptolemaic. Kunemizamo eminingi ababenziwe ngezelela, kodwa bona kuphela izinkinga ke. Emuva ekhulwini le-13, u-Alfonso X, inkosi yakwa-Castile, wathi uma waba nethuba ukunikela kuNkulunkulu iseluleko uma udala izwe, khona-ke ngingathanda ukweluleka ukumenza kulula.

uhlelo Heliocentric zomhlaba wasikisela ukuthi uCopernicus. Kwakuyisikhathi revolution yangempela astronomy. Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzothola lokujwayela uCopernicus futhi ngegalelo lakhe isayensi. Kodwa okokuqala sizoxoxa ngalokho ayinikezwa lukaPtolemy.

uhlelo Ptolemaic zomhlaba nemibi yayo

eyandulela Aqine kohlelo Copernican akunakwenzeka ukuthola izibikezelo olunembile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wahlupheka unsystematic, ukungabi ubuqotho, ubunye yangaphakathi. isimiso sezwe lukaPtolemy (portrait wakhe uvezwa ngenhla) kuhlanganisa ukufundisa iplanethi ngalinye todvwa, sihlukanisiwe abanye. umzimba ngamunye yasezulwini, njengoba amangalelwe ngohlelo usosayensi, kwadingeka imithetho yayo siqu motion futhi uhlelo epicyclic. Ukuhanjiswa kwe amaplanethi uhlelo geocentric ochazwa eziningi ezizimele kanye alinganayo onobuhle zezibalo. ithiyori Geocentric, empeleni, ayizange ukuthuthukisa ohlelweni, ngoba uhlelo kwamaplanethi (noma uhlelo kwamaplanethi) akuyona into yayo. It kwaba kuphela mayelana ukunyakaza umuntu ezenza izindikimba zasezulwini.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi nemfundiso geocentric, kwakunokwenzeka ukuba abale kuphela indawo eseduze zemizimba ezithile yasezulwini. Kodwa ukunquma zikuphi emkhathini, noma ibanga kweqiniso kwakungenakwenzeka. Lezi imisebenzi uPtolemy wacabanga ngokuphelele zingaxazululeki. Isimiso esisha emhlabeni, heliocentric, uvele sibonga ukufakwa ku search for ukungaguquguquki nobunye yangaphakathi.

Isidingo wokuguqula ikhalenda

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwavela inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela heliocentric ngokuqondene nesidingo wokuguqula likaJulius. Amaphuzu amabili asemqoka kuwo (edilingene kanye nelanga) lost uxhumene kwenzekani ngempela izenzakalo yezinkanyezi. Esikhathini 4th ekhulwini BC. e. usuku ngesikhathi sokulingana kwemini nobusuku Vernal ekhalendeni wawa ngo-March 21. Ngo-325, eMkhandlwini WaseNicaea ulungile le nombolo. It wasetshenziselwa esibalulekile yokuqalisa ekubaleni usuku Easter, leli holidi Christian main. Ngekhulu le-16, ngosuku ngesikhathi sokulingana kwemini nobusuku Vernal unezinsuku ezingama-10 (21 Mashi) abasasilele emuva langempela.

Ikhalenda likaJulius kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 wazama ngcono. lombhishobhi Lateran eRoma (1512-17 GG.), Kobukhulu inkinga ikhalenda Kwaphawulwa. Inani zezinkanyezi abadumile bacelwe ukuthi siyixazulule. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka Nikolay Kopernik. Nokho, le ndoda yenqaba, ngoba ekholelwa ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela ezinyakazayo zenyanga futhi ilanga akwanele olunembile futhi eziphambili. Kodwa babeyizinceku ngesikhathi ngesisekelo ikhalenda. Noma kunjalo, isiphakamiso, okuyinto yatholwa uCopernicus, owawuqondene naye omunye izisusa umsebenzi ngcono kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela geocentric. Ngenxa yalokhu umsebenzi, futhi esimisweni esisha emhlabeni.

Ukungabaza iqiniso inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Copernican lukaPtolemy

Lokho Nicholas wayemiselwe ukuba enze omunye linemibhikisho emlandweni yezinkanyezi, kulandele inguquko zesayensi yemvelo. UCopernicus bajwayelane uhlelo lukaPtolemy ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, wancoma ubuhlakani bakhe zezibalo. Nokho, maduzane nje, usosayensi waqala ukungabaza iqiniso lo mbono. Ukungabaza kwathathelwa indawo eqiniseka ukuthi kukhona ukuphikisana ekujuleni geocentricism.

UCopernicus - omele Renaissance

Nikolay Kopernik usosayensi wokuqala ukubheka isipiliyoni seminyaka eyinkulungwane ekuthuthukiseni isayensi ngemehlo indoda kwenkathi entsha. Sikhuluma Yempucuko. Njengoba kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu wakhe kweqiniso, uCopernicus wazibonisa unethemba, Innovator ngokugqamile. ababengaphambi kwakhe owayenesibindi ukulahla isimiso geocentric. Bona babehilelekile ngcono labo noma ezinye izingxenye encane le mfundiso. Copernican isimiso sezwe asebezifinyelele kakade ikhefu nezinkulungwane zeminyaka yesiko yezinkanyezi. I Umcabangi wayebheke ngokwemvelo ngokuvumelana nokuba lula, isihluthulelo ukuqonda ubunye imihlola eziningi abonakala disparate. isimiso sezwe Nikolaya Kopernika kwaba umphumela search for umdali wakhe.

imisebenzi Major uCopernicus

Izimiso eziyisisekelo astronomy heliocentric uCopernicus wabeka phakathi 1505 kanye 1507 unyaka "amazwana Little". Ngu-1530 lapho sesiqedile ukucutshungulwa theory idatha yezinkanyezi wathola. Nokho, kuphela 1543 wafika ukukhanyisa omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni ukucabanga - ". On the Revolutions the sphere waseZulwini" umsebenzi Leli phepha inikeza umbono zezibalo ukuchaza ezinyakazayo okuyinkimbinkimbi ezikubonayo of the Moon, Sun, amaplanethi ayisihlanu angase, kanye sphere izinkanyezi. I isijobelelo nomsebenzi ibekwe ibhuku izinkanyezi. Umsebenzi uqobo ifakwe amatafula zezibalo.

Ingqikithi uhlelo heliocentric zomhlaba

UCopernicus ibekwe maphakathi nezwe ilanga. Waveza ukuthi amaplanethi uhamba eduze nayo. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka umhlaba, okokuqala sachazwa ngokuthi "amandla ezihambayo inkanyezi". Ububanzi izinkanyezi like uCopernicus wazizwa uhlukane uhlelo kwamaplanethi ibanga elikhulu. Isiphetho sazi mayelana remoteness kulomkhakha ngenxa isimiso heliocentric. Iqiniso lokuthi kuphela ngale ndlela uCopernicus ungase buyisana bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe nge entula ukufuduka izinkanyezi. Lawa ukuqhela Kuyothi ngenxa ukunyakaza obuka nge iplanethi ewumhlaba.

Ukunemba kanye lula uhlelo olusha

Uhlelo ehlongozwayo ngu Nikolaem Kopernikom, kwaba nendlela enembe kakhudlwana futhi kulula uhlelo lukaPtolemy. Washeshe wathola isicelo ebanzi esisebenzayo. "Ithebula Prussian" senziwa ngesisekelo lesi simiso, ubude ngonyaka tropical yabalelwa ngokunembe kakhudlwana. izinguquko osekukade ikhalenda kwenziwa ngo-1582 - isitayela esisha, Gregorian.

eyinkimbinkimbi Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela entsha, futhi uthola okokuqala ukunemba okukhulu kwe-ekubalweni izikhundla kwamaplanethi based amatafula heliocentric neze izinzuzo main kohlelo Copernican. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekubaleni bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe kwaba kuphela kancane kulula lukaPtolemy. Ngokuphathelene ukunemba izibalo izikhundla kwamaplanethi, cishe akahlukile ke, uma-ke kwakudingekile ukuba abale nezinguquko wabonakala isikhathi eside.

Ekuqaleni, "etafuleni Prussian" yanikeza ngokunemba ezimbalwa kakhudlwana. Nokho Lokhu kwakubangelwa, hhayi kuphela ukwethulwa isimiso heliocentric. Iqiniso lokuthi uCopernicus wasebenzisa amathuluzi ezingcono nezibalo for ukubalisisa kwabo. Nokho, "etafuleni Prussian" maduze futhi ukuthi awavumelani nokubekelwa idatha etholwe ngesikhathi kokuma.

Ukushisekela Ama-imfundiso yokuziphendukela Copernican ezihlongozwayo kancane kancane wakhala ukuphoxwa ke kulabo kulindeleke ukuthola umphumela esisebenzayo ngokushesha. Abangaphezu kwesigamu sekhulu leminyaka kusukela ukuvela uhlelo Copernican noGalileo phambi kuvulwa izigaba Venus e Ngo-1616, babungekho ubufakazi ngqo ukuthi Amaplanethi ahamba uzungeza ilanga. Ngakho, ukuba yiqiniso kwalesi simiso esisha alikaqinisekiswa ngokubukisisa. Kuyini amandla kweqiniso futhi elikhangayo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Copernican, labo ababebanga ukuba inguqula-mbuso yangempela ngesayensi yemvelo?

UCopernicus futhi ngesikhathi sika-Aristotle Cosmology

Njengoba yaziwa, iyiphi olusha luvela ngesisekelo elidala. Kulesi sici, uCopernicus kwakungelona okuhlukile. Okunguye owadala uhlelo heliocentric zezwe, wabelane eziningi izinhlinzeko zoMthetho Cosmology Aristotelian. Ngokwesibonelo, yonke okwabonakala kuye isikhala avaliwe, okuyinto kukhawulwe sphere ethile izinkanyezi isilungisiwe. Kusukela umbhedesho Aristotelian uCopernicus akazange asuke, futhi ngokusho kwaso ukunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini zihlale isiyingi futhi iyunifomu. UCopernicus kulesi sici kwaba olandelanayo baningi ngisho nangaphezu kwezinwele lukaPtolemy. equant Kugcine esethula umqondo futhi akazange aphike kungenzeka abe khona motion-non-iyunifomu izindikimba zasezulwini.

Okufanela main uCopernicus

Okufanela uCopernicus walala neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela, ngokungafani ababengaphambi zabo, wazama ukwakha ithiyori kwamaplanethi, ezahlukene ngokuvumelana okunengqondo futhi engeyona inkimbinkimbi. Usosayensi yathola ukuthi akukho ehlelekile, ukuhambisana nokuhlangana inkimbinkimbi ukungeneli olukhulu ohlelweni ezihlongozwayo lukaPtolemy. Akuzange core isimiso esinobunye, owawuyochaza imithetho ehlukene motion izindikimba zasezulwini.

UCopernicus ezihlongozwayo ukubaluleka mbuso ka isimiso wukuthi Nicholas wasungula uhlelo esinobunye motion wonke amaplanethi, wachaza eziningi imiphumela, usosayensi ngaphambilini usithe. Ngokwesibonelo, usebenzisa umqondo ezinyakazayo wansuku zonke nakanye ngonyaka kule planethi yethu Wabachazela le izici eziyinhloko ukunyakaza oyinkimbinkimbi izindikimba zasezulwini, njengoba izihibe, emi, ukunyakaza emuva. uhlelo Copernican aye wavumela ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungani kunokuhlupheka ngokunyakaza diurnal kwesibhakabhaka. Kusukela manje, sisaqhubeka nokuzama ezinyakazayo amaplanethi Babachazela iqiniso lokuthi Umhlaba lumayelana Sun nge umjikelezo wonyaka owodwa.

Sisuka isiko zesikole

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela uCopernicus ezikhonjwe ukuvela izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku ulwazi imvelo, esekelwe izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda. Ngokwenkolelo zesikole, ayeba ezazingaphambi kwayo, ukuze ufunde okushiwo into, akudingeki ngempela ukukufunda ngokuningiliziwe ohlangothini saso. Scholastics babekholelwa ukuthi okushiwo umqondo babone ngqo. Ngokuphambene, uCopernicus wabonisa ukuthi kungaqondakala kuphela ngemva Ukutadisha ngokucophelela lo mkhuba, ukuphikisana yayo kanye nemithetho. uhlelo Heliocentric uCopernicus isibe yisisusa esinamandla ekuthuthukiseni isayensi.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la esontweni ekufundiseni entsha

ISonto LamaKatolika akuzange ekuqaleni unamathisele kakhulu izimfundiso ehlongozwayo ngu uCopernicus. Kodwa lapho sekumcacela ukuthi kubukela phansi izisekelo inkolo, abasekeli bakhe baqala ukuba sishushiswe. Ukuze ukusatshalaliswa imfundiso Copernican ngo-1600, yena waba washiswa esigxotsheni Dzhordano Bruno, isazi sefilosofi Italy. mpikiswano Scientific phakathi kwabalandeli lukaPtolemy futhi uCopernicus wabanzima phakathi amabutho mva kanye ezithuthukayo. Wagcina lakamuva.