Ikhalenda likaGregory ihlukile Julian. Ikhalenda likaJulius eRussia

Kithina sonke ikhalenda into evamile, futhi ezijwayelekile. Lokhu yafika nomuntu lasendulo ithumba izinsuku, izinombolo, izinyanga, zonyaka, ukuvama zemvelo, okuncike uhlelo ukunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini: inyanga, ilanga, izinkanyezi. Umhlaba libhubhisa orbit solar, eshiya iminyaka ngekhulu.

ikhalenda kwenyanga

Ngomhlaba kwenza revolution eyodwa ephelele emhlabeni axis awo ngosuku olulodwa. Ukuze ngonyaka eyaphi kanye uzungeza ilanga. ngonyaka Solar noma yezinkanyezi ihlala izinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu ayisithupha nanhlanu ngehora lesihlanu namaminithi amane nesishiyagalombili namasekhondi amane nesithupha. Ngenxa yalokho, lonke inani ngosuku alikho. Yingakho nobunzima ekubhaleni ikhalenda ezinembile isikhathi lesifanele.

AmaRoma asendulo, amaGreki wasebenzisa ikhalenda elula futhi okulula. Ukuvuselelwa Kwama-Moon kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezingama-30, ukuba enembile, ezinsukwini ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye nambili nqo nemizuzu engu-44. Yingakho isibalo izinsuku, izinyanga bese kungenziwa eliqhutshwa izinguquko zenyanga.

Ekuqaleni kwaleli khalenda kwadingeka izinyanga eziyishumi, okuyinto zibizwa onkulunkulu baseRoma. Kusukela ngekhulu lesithathu ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu emhlabeni basendulo babesebenzisa esifanisweni esisenze esekelwe oneminyaka emine oyinyanga-solar umjikelezo, okuyinto wanika iphutha ukubaluleka bonyaka ngosuku olufanayo.

EGibhithe, wasebenzisa ikhalenda solar, esihlelwe ngomumo ngesisekelo kokuma weLanga futhi Sirius. Unyaka kwaba izinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu. Wawunamabhodi kwezinyanga eziyishumi nambili kwezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu. Njengoba wanezela emva okwengeziwe izinsuku ezinhlanu. It is washayelwa njengoba 'behlonipha ukuzalwa onkulunkulu. "

Umlando likaJulius

kunoshintsho ezenzeka esikhathini BC amane nesithupha. e. Umbusi WaseRoma Yuliy Tsezar kuphethini waseGibhithe owethulwa likaJulius. It lwemukelwa bonyaka ngoba ukubaluleka konyaka, okwakuwuphawu astronomy kancane nangokwengeziwe futhi wayekhungathekisa izinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu namahora ayisithupha. Lokuqala luka-January kwakuyisiqalo ngonyaka. Christmas ngokuvumelana likaJulius beqala ukujabula ongowesikhombisa Januwari. Ngakho kwaba khona ukuthi ukwedlulela kuleso sigaba letoischeslenie entsha.

Ngo ukwazisa kabusha iSigele waseRoma uqambe inyanga Kvintilis lapho uKhesari ezalelwa uJulius (manje Julayi). Ngemva konyaka, uMbusi wabulawa, nabapristi bamaRoma noma kusuka ngokungazi, noma ngenhloso futhi waqala wasanganisa zekhalenda bese eqala ukubazisa ngamunye ngonyaka oluzayo wesithathu ngonyaka eqa. Ngenxa yalokho, i-amane nane Ngonyaka wesishiyagalolunye BC. e. esikhundleni eqa yiminyaka emakhulu asithoba nambili kwamenyezelwa.

Ilondolozwe kuKesari Oktivian Agasti. On oda wakhe, eminyakeni eqa babengahlanganyeli iminyaka eyishumi nesithupha esilandelayo, futhi ikhalenda isigqi kwabuyiselwa. Ukuze kuhlonishwe yakhe ngenyanga Sekstilis iqanjwe kabusha kuka-Augustus (ngo-Agasti).

Ukuze iSonto Lobu-Orthodox simultaneity kubaluleke kakhulu ngamaholide enkolo. okuxoxwe Usuku Easter kwakuyisizathu Okokuqala WamaSonto Council, futhi udaba isibe omunye main. Kufakiwe ngalesi Council obusa ukucabanga olunembile ukugujwa ayikwazi ukushintshwa ngaphansi yobuhlungu kwakuzondeka.

ikhalenda le-Gregorian

Inhloko iSonto LamaKatolika, uPapa Gregory the Nantathu ngo-1582 kuvunyelwa wasungula ikhalenda entsha. Wabizwa "Gregorian". Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi konke okuhle kwaba likaJulius, owawuthi Europe wahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu abantu abayishumi nesithupha. Nokho, uGregory Nantathu kubhekwe ukuthi ukwabiwa kabusha kuyadingeka ukunquma usuku oluthé ngqo ngaphezulu Easter, kanye ngosuku ka ngesikhathi sokulingana kwemini nobusuku Vernal kwaba emuva amabili nanye Mashi.

Ngo-1583 uMkhandlu yezinzalamizi Eastern eConstantinople walahla ukwamukelwa ikhalenda likaGregory, yephula umjikelezo eyimidanti zangabaza izimiso nemiKhandlu WamaSonto. Ngempela, eminyakeni ethile, kwephula oyisisekelo ukugujwa Easter. Kwenzeka ukuthi ngeSonto Katolika Easter ewela isikhathi ngaphambi kwe-Easter, amaJuda ukuthi izimiso esontweni akuvunyelwe.

Uma kubalwa izikhathi kusuke eRussia

Ezweni lethu, kusukela ekhulwini leshumi, uNcibijane lugujwe ngowokuqala-March. Ngemva kwamakhulu amahlanu eminyaka, ngo-1492, i-Russia wathutha ekuqaleni konyaka, ngokwesiko isonto, ngolokuqala Septhemba. Lokhu kwaqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu engamakhulu amabili.

eziyisikhombisa namakhulu amabili namashumi nesishiyagalolunye Disemba ngonyaka wesishiyagalombili eseNkosi uPeter mina washaya umthetho likaJulius eRussia sathola kusukela eByzantium ndawonye nobhapathizo wawusasebenza. Ngishintshe usuku ekuqaleni konyaka. It sivunyiwe kuleli zwe. Unyaka omusha ngokuvumelana likaJulius kwaba ukugubha usuku lokuqala luka-January, "kusukela esikhathini sokuzalwa kukaKristu."

Ngemva inguquko, nane-February eyodwa namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi Ngonyaka weshumi nesishiyagalombili, imithetho emisha ngo ezweni lethu. I-Gregorian umthetho ikhalenda ngaphakathi ngamunye quatercentenary ezintathu eminyakeni eqa. Lokho-ke waqala ukunamathela.

Uyini umehluko phakathi Julian futhi amakhalenda Gregorian? Umehluko phakathi ekubaleni iminyaka eqa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukhula. Uma ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, kwaba ngezinye izinsuku eziyishumi, e nesikhombisa ke lase linyuke laba ngu nanye, ekhulwini weshumi nesishiyagalombili kakade kwase zazilingana nezinsuku eziyi nambili, nantathu ekhulwini lamashumi amabili futhi amabili nanye, futhi ikhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili wesibili leli nani lizofinyelela izinsuku eziyishumi nane.

Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia isebenzisa likaJulius, kulandela izinqumo Councils Wawo Wonke AmaSonto, namaKatolika - Gregorian.

Omunye kungaba ngokuvamile ukuzwa umbuzo wokuthi kungani umhlaba wonke Khisimusi amabili nanhlanu Disemba, thina - ongowesikhombisa Januwari. Impendulo isobala ngempela. Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia igubha Christmas ngokuvumelana likaJulius. Lokhu kusebenza futhi amanye amaholide ezinkulu zenkolo.

Namuhla, ikhalenda likaJulius eRussia ngokuthi "indlela endala yokubhala". Okwamanje, nobukhulu bayo sincane kakhulu. Ziyakwazi ezinye iSonto Lobu-Orthodox - BaseSerbia, Georgian, iJerusalema Russian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhalenda likaJulius elisetshenziswa kwezinye zezindela Orthodox e-Europe ne-United States.

Ikhalenda likaGregory eRussia

Ezweni lethu, udaba wezinguquko ikhalenda wavuswa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngo 1830, wafaka Academy Russian of Sciences. Prince KA Lieven, ngaleso sikhathi owayese sikaNgqongqoshe weMfundo, kubhekwe isiphakamiso kungakabi yisikhathi. Kuphela emva kwempi, umbuzo wafakwa emhlanganweni we Yabantu Commissars we Russian Federation. Kakade Januwari 24 Russia yokutholwa ikhalenda likaGregory.

Izici kwathatha ikhalenda likaGregory

AmaKristu obu-Orthodox ukwethulwa isitayela entsha kwamandla zilethwe obuthile. Unyaka omusha offset e Advent, nalapho kushone noma iliphi kumnandi hhayi ukwamukela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-January 1 - usuku inkumbulo St Boniface, nomvikeli noma ubani ofisa ukuba bangayeki ukuphuza, futhi izwe lethu igubha lamuhla ingilazi esandleni sakhe.

Gregorian bese likaJulius: ezihluke ngazo nezinto ezifana

Bobabili aqukethe izinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu ngonyaka evamile, futhi namakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nesithupha ngonyaka eqa, unezinyanga 12, zazo 4 izinsuku ezingu-30 noma ezingu-7 kuya ku-31, Februwari - noma 28 noma 29 Umahluko owokuthi e ukuvama okuvela eqa iminyaka.

Kwekhalenda likaJulius kuwunyaka kwenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emithathu. Kulokhu, kuvela ukuthi ikhalenda lonyaka lungaphezu i yezinkanyezi imizuzu 11. Ngamanye amazwi, ngemva kweminyaka engu-128 lapho usuku olwengeziwe. ikhalenda le-Gregorian futhi uyaqaphela ukuthi ngonyaka wesine ngonyaka eqa. Okukhishiwe Eminyakeni kukhona ngeembuyabuyelelo 100, kanye nalezo angahlukaniswa ngo-400 Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngosuku extra avele kuphela emva kweminyaka 3200.

Yini elindele nathi esikhathini esizayo

Ngokungafani Gregorian, Ikhalenda likaJulius lula letoischesleniya, kodwa ngaphambi konyaka yezinkanyezi. Yaba ngesisekelo yesibili kuqala. Ngokusho iSonto Lobu-Orthodox, ikhalenda likaGregory kwephula oda imicimbi eminingi yeBhayibheli.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-Julian futhi amakhalenda Gregorian nge isikhathi okwandisa umehluko nezinsuku, Orthodox ezisebenzisa wokuqala babo ngeke uKhisimusi 2101 hhayi Januwari 7, njengoba wenzeka manje, kanye yesishiyagalombili Januwari, futhi anesithoba amawaka ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi onyakeni wokuqala, futhi lowo mkhosi iyokwenzeka yesishiyagalombili Mashi. Ngo ikhalenda yesonto, usuku uzoqhubeka ukuhlangabezana lwamashumi amabili nanhlanu Disemba.

Emazweni lapho ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, yasetshenziselwa likaJulius, isibonelo eGreece, nezinsuku zonke izenzakalo zomlando ezenzeka ngemva Okthoba lweshumi nanhlanu namakhulu amahlanu ayisishiyagalombili ngonyaka wesibili, ngegama uphawu izinombolo ezifanayo lapho kwenzeka.

Imiphumela kabusha ikhalenda

Okwamanje, Ikhalenda likaGregory yilo olunembile ngokwanele. Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, akadingi ukuba ishintshwe, kodwa umbuzo kabusha yayo obekuxoxwa amashumi eminyaka. Kulokhu asikhulumi ngesethulo ikhalenda entsha, noma iyiphi izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku accounting iminyaka eqa. Kumayelana izinsuku regrouping ngonyaka ukuze ekuqaleni unyaka ngamunye, ayeka usuku olulodwa, isibonelo ngeSonto.

Namuhla ikhalenda izinyanga kusukela akhawunti izinsuku ezingu-28 kuya ku-31, ubude amabanga block kusukela ayisishiyagalolunye ukuze izinsuku ayisishiyagalolunye nambili, okuyinto esifushane kuka engxenyeni yokuqala ka elesibili 3-4 izinsuku. Lokhu inkimbinkimbi umsebenzi iziphathimandla zezimali nokuhlela.

Yiziphi entsha amaphrojekthi amakhalenda

Kule minyaka, anamanci mathandathu iminyaka, amaphrojekthi amaningi. Ngo-1923, i-Committee on izinguquko ikhalenda ngaphansi kweNhlangano Yezizwe yasungulwa. Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, lo daba lwadluliselwa wezoMnotho kanye nezeNhlalakahle iKomiti eNhlangano yeziZwe.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eziningi kubo, kubonelelwa kakhulu ama ezimbili ongakhetha - ikhalenda enezinyanga ezingu-13 wesazi sefilosofi French Auguste Comté futhi ngokusikisela sezinkanyezi kusukela France G. Armelina.

Emfanekisweni wokuqala version ngenyanga njalo iqala ngeSonto futhi uphela ngoMgqibelo. Ngonyaka olulodwa alinaso igama ifakwe ekupheleni kwezinsuku zokugcina nantathu izinyanga. Komunye unyaka eqa lolu suku kufika ngenyanga yesithupha. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, lokhu ikhalenda linenani yokuntula abalulekile, ngakho kakhudlwana ikhokhelwa phrojekthi uGustave Armelina, owawuthi, ngonyaka siqukethe izinyanga eziyishumi nambili noma yomine usuku ayisishiyagalolunye nanye.

Ngenyanga yokuqala ikota izinsuku angamashumi amathathu nanye, ezinsukwini ezizayo ezimbili - amathathu. Ngosuku lokuqala ikota ngayinye yonyaka futhi iqala ngeSonto futhi uphela ngoMgqibelo. Ngokuvamile, usuku olwengeziwe sengezwe emva wamashumi amathathu Disemba, futhi eqa - angaphezu 30 Juni. Le projekthi sivunyiwe-France, India, iSoviet Union, eYugoslavia namanye amazwe. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, i-General Assembly ubambezele ukwamukelwa yephrojekthi, futhi muva nje, umsebenzi we-UN kwakhawuka.

Kungakhathaliseki Russia bayobuyela 'indlela endala yokubhala "

Izihambi zona nzima impela ukuchaza ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba umqondo wegama elithi "Old New Year" kungani sigubha kamuva Christmas baseYurophu. Namuhla kukhona uzimisele ukwenza ukushintshela kaJulian eRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isinyathelo livela kubantu okufanele futhi ohlonishwayo. Ngokusho kwabo, u-70% Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia baseRussia Unelungelo ukuba siphile ngokuvumelana ikhalenda, okuyinto esetshenziswa Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia.