Monomers amaprotheni yizo umsuka ubalulekile? Yiziphi monomers amaprotheni?

Amaphrotheni kukhona polymers yemvelo nge izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Banezinhliziyo isisindo yamangqamuzana okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi iyokwakhiwa acid acid amaqembu wokufakelwa emelelwa amavithamini, lipid kanye carbohydrate inclusions. Namaprotheni aqukethe carbohydrate, amavithamini, lipids noma izinsimbi, ngokuthi kwakwakhe. amaprotheni kuphela elula sakhiwa ama-amino acid akuhlanganisileyo ngezibopho peptide.

peptides

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isakhiwo sinamandla into wamaprotheni monomers kukhona amino acid. Lezi yakha eziyisisekelo polypeptide chain, okuyinto ke okwenyanga noma globular amaprotheni fibril isakhiwo. Lapho lokhu amaprotheni kungenziwa kuhlelwe umqondo kuphela ophilayo izicubu - plant, webhaktheriya, fungal, isilwane futhi kwamanye amangqamuzana.

I eziphilayo kuphela elingakwazi ukuxhuma monomers amaprotheni, amagciwane lenyama amabhaktheriya esifo. Bonke abanye bayakwazi ukwakha amaphrotheni kwesakhiwo. Kodwa lokho izinto kukhona monomers, amaphrotheni, indlela akhiwa? Lokhu futhi biosynthesis amaprotheni, a polypeptide, kanye kumiswa iprotheni isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi amino acid kanye nezici zabo, bheka ngezansi.

monomer Single-molecule amaprotheni iyiphi acid-alpha-amino. Kulokhu, amaprotheni - neketanga polypeptide ka exhumene amino acid. Ngokuya ngenombolo amino acid ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni zalo dipeptides elingalodwa (izinsalela ezimbili), a tripeptide (3), oligopeptides (equkethe kusukela 2-10 amino acid) kanye polypeptides (sebuningini amino acid).

Sibutsetelo isakhiwo amaprotheni

amaprotheni isakhiwo eziyinhloko ingase isebenze ngendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kancane ngaphezulu - secondary, eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe - ephakeme, futhi eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo - quaternary.

Isakhiwo eyinhloko - it is a wesifunda elula okuyinto nge isibopho peptide (CO-NH) exhunywe monomers amaprotheni (ama-amino acid). isakhiwo sesibili - kuba-alpha-Helix noma i-beta-ishidi. Zemfundo ephakeme - lena kuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu isakhiwo ngakuthathu amaprotheni, okuyinto wabunjwa kusuka kabusha ngenxa ukwakheka covalent, ionic ne-hydrogen yizibopho ekuxhumaneni hydrophobic.

Isakhiwo quaternary luyindida kakhulu futhi engavamile yokwamukela amaprotheni esisogwini cell ulwelwesi. Lokhu supramolecular (isizinda) isakhiwo kwakhiwa ngenxa inhlangano zishintshe eziningana nge isakhiwo ephakeme, kulekelelwa amaqembu carbohydrate, lipid, noma amavithamini. Kulokhu, njengoba kule izakhiwo eziyinhloko, nemayunivesithi amaprotheni monomers kukhona acid-alpha-amino. Babuye bajoyine peptide izibopho. Umahluko owokuthi ku eyinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo.

amino acid

La ma-molecule monomers kuphela amaprotheni kukhona acid-alpha-amino. Kukhona 20 kuphela, futhi neze isisekelo ukuphila. Ukuvela isibopho peptide, amaprotheni zamagama kwakunokwenzeka. A amaprotheni uqobo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukwenza isakhiwo ukwakha, yokwamukela, enzyme, ezokuthutha, umlamuleli kanye neminye imisebenzi. Ngenxa yalesi ophilayo kwendikimba futhi kungenziwa kabusha.

Sheer-alpha-amino acid kuyinto organic carboxylic acid kokuba iqembu acid exhunywe kwi-athomu ye-alpha-carbon. Kugcine ukutholakala eduze iqembu carboxyl. Ngakho monomers amaprotheni zibhekwa njengemikhiqizo izinto eziphilayo, lapho ukuphela carbon athomu kanye Iqoshwe Amine futhi iqembu carboxyl.

Compound amino acid kule peptides namaprotheni

amino acid ohlanganiswe dimers, trimers kanye polymers nge isibopho peptide. Lakhiwa cleavage ka hydroxyl (-OH) iqembu kusukela ingxenye carboxyl elilodwa acid-alpha-amino ne-hydrogen (H) - iqembu acid lomunye acid-alpha-amino. Ukuxhumana amanzi ukuzehlukanisa, futhi uhlala e-carboxy Terminus ingxenye C = O nge khulula electron ezisalayo eduze carbon carboxyl. Kwesinye ezisalayo acid acid has (NH) nge etholakalayo khulula olukhulu ngesikhathi athomu nitrogen. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuxhuma ezizivelelayo ezimbili ukwakha ubuhlobo (CONH). Ubizwa ngokuthi i-peptide.

Ukuhluka of acid-alpha-amino

Ubude eyaziwa 23 acid-alpha-amino. Tiniketwe njengoba uhlu: glycine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, glutamate, aspartate, ornithine, threonine, noSerine, lysine, cystine, cysteine, phenylalanine, methionine, tyrosine, proline, tryptophan, hydroxyproline, arginine, histidine, asparagine futhi glutamine. Kuye kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenziwa kuhlelwe umqondo ngu umzimba womuntu, lezi amino acid zihlukaniswe kubalulekile futhi engabalulekile.

Umqondo kubalulekile futhi engabalulekile amino acid

Okungashintsheka umzimba womuntu ungakwazi synthesize, kuyilapho ebalulekile okufanele sehlele kuphela ukudla. Ngakho kokubili acid kubalulekile futhi engabalulekile abalulekile amaprotheni biosynthesis, ngoba ngaphandle kwabo synthesis akukwazi ukuqedelwa. Ngaphandle kwama-amino acid elilodwa, ngisho noma wonke umuntu ekhona, akunakwenzeka ukwakha iprotheni iseli liyadingeka ukwenza imisebenzi yaso.

Omunye iphutha kunoma yiziphi izinyathelo biosynthetic - kanye amaprotheni ezingafaneleki, ngoba ngeke bakwazi ukuhlangabezana isakhiwo oyifunayo kudalwa ukwephulwa kwabantu electron kanye nokusebenzisana interatomic. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu (kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo), kubalulekile ukudla ukudla amaprotheni, aqukethe acid ezibalulekile acid. ukungabikho yabo ekudleni kuholela eziningi amaprotheni umzimba iziyaluyalu.

Inqubo kumiswa isibopho peptide

Okuwukuphela amaprotheni monomers kukhona acid-alpha-amino. Basuke exhunywe kancane kancane esikuziphathimandla polypeptide, isakhiwo lapho kugcinwa kusengaphambili ku ikhodi zofuzo -DNA (noma i-RNA, uma ebhekwa biosynthesis webhaktheriya). Kulokhu, amaprotheni - ukulandelana esiqinile amino acid izinsalela. Lokhu uchungechunge kuhlelwe isakhiwo ethile, usebenza pre-zahlelwa cell umsebenzi.

ukulandelana -Stage wamaprotheni biosynthesis

Inqubo kumiswa amaprotheni siqukethe uchungechunge izigaba: ukufanisana indawo DNA (noma i-RNA) zamagama RNA uhlobo ulwazi, okukhipha ku-cytoplasm we kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana, kwakwakhe ne ribosome futhi okunamathiselwe kancane kancane izinsalela acid acid ukuthi kuhlinzekwa ukudluliswa RNA. Into okuyinto monomer amaprotheni uhlanganyela enzymatic cleavage ukusabela iqembu hydroxyl proton hydrogen, bese ihlanganyela Olwandisekayo polipetidnoy chain.

etholwe Ngakho polypeptide chain, okuyinto kakade solwazi reticulum endoplasmic kuyalwa e isakhiwo ethile kusengaphambili futhi kulekelelwa carbohydrate noma lipid moiety uma kudingeka. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "nokuvuthwa" amaprotheni, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ithunyelwa uhlelo ezokuthutha esitokisini endaweni.

amaprotheni Imisebenzi kwemiqondo

Monomers amaprotheni kukhona amino acid adingekayo ekuqiniseni isakhiwo yabo eyinhloko. Secondary, ephakeme kanye quaternary isakhiwo ngokwaso isivele kwakhiwa, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi futhi okudinga iqhaza enzyme kanye nezinye izinto. Nokho, kabasebabili main, nakuba kubalulekile ukuthi amaprotheni enze umsebenzi wabo.

Acid acid, okuyinto monomer amaprotheni kungase kudingeke carbohydrate okunamathiselwe amaphuzu, izinsimbi noma amavithamini. Imfundo ephakeme noma isakhiwo quaternary kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola izindawo eziningi kule ndawo amaqembu ifakiwe. Lokhu kuvumela okwesikhathi esuselwe amaprotheni, okuyinto udlala indima enzyme, yokwamukela, Transporter izinto esitokisini noma aphume, i immunoglobulin, isakhi isakhi cell ulwelwesi noma organelles, imisipha amaprotheni.

Amaphrotheni akhiwa amino acid, yiwona kuphela ngesisekelo ukuphila. Futhi namhlanje kunenkolelo esavela ngemva nje ukubukeka amino acid ukuphila, futhi ngenxa polymerization yayo. Phela, ukuxhumana aphakathi amaprotheni kungukuqala ukuphila, kuhlanganise ezihlakaniphile. Zonke ezinye izinqubo kwamakhemikhali, okubalwa owezolimo, ezidingekayo ukuze ukugcwaliseka biosynthesis amaprotheni, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuqhubeka yokuphila.