Isisindo somkhumbi: isithombe, igama, ubukhulu

Isigqoko siyingxenye ebalulekile futhi ebalulekile yomkhumbi, ongowesiqu. Umsebenzi wayo oqondile ukukhonza njengesizathu sokuthola i-stengh, okunye (izingxenye ze-spar), kanye nokwesekwa kwamaseyili. Yini enye ongasitshela ngayo ngamasti womkhumbi? Uzofunda ulwazi oluningi oluwusizo nolusithakazelisayo ohlelweni lokufunda lesi sihloko.

Ukuphakama kwama-masts omkhumbi, inombolo yabo

Kuye ngenhloso yamastiki emkhumbi eze ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Amanye afinyelela kumamitha angu-60 ngobukhulu obungama-1 m.

Futhi mangaki ama-masts akhona? Inombolo yabo ngokuqondile ixhomeke ebukhulu bomkhumbi. Ubude be-foremast ne-mast mizzen buxhomeke ngokuqondile ekuphakameni kwe-mainmast. Ngakho, owokuqala ngu-8 \ 9 wezingxenye zawo, kanti okwesibili ngu-6 \ 7. Lezi zilinganiso azizona eziyisisekelo kuzo zonke imikhumbi. Babethembele ezifisweni zabaqambi nabakhi.

Uma i-mainmast ibalwa kanje. Kwakudingekile ukwengeza ubude bebhokisi elingaphansi nobubanzi balo obukhulu, kwahlukanisa inani elitholwa ngamabili. Lesi sibalo ubude besikhumba somkhumbi.

Ekuqaleni kokuthuthukiswa kokuhamba kanye nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, isakhiwo sasihlanganisa kuphela isisitja kanye nesinye seyili. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kufinyelele ekugcineni ukuthi bafakwe emikhumbi kuze kube yizicucu eziyisikhombisa.

Isimo esivamile kakhulu ukuhlinzeka ngomkhumbi nge-mast amathathu eqondayo kanye eyodwa.

Igama lamasti omkhumbi wemikhumbi

Indawo yesikhumbuzo emkhunjini inquma igama layo. Isibonelo, uma sicabangela isitsha esinezintathu ezintathu, kuyacaca ukuthi isikhumba, esivela kuqala emakhaleni, sabizwa ngokuthi "isikhumbuzo sangaphambili".

Isigqoko esilandelayo esilandelayo yisona esikhulu kakhulu. Futhi encane kakhulu ibizwa ngokuthi "i-mizzen-mast". Uma kukhona ezimbili kuphela, khona-ke into esemqoka yilapho eseduze nakwesokunxele.

Isigqoko esithambekele esifubeni somkhumbi sibizwa ngokuthi "bowsprit". Emikhumbi yasendulo i-angle yokuthambekela yayiyi-36⁰, manje ingu-20 . Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba phambili komkhumbi. Lokhu kufezwa ngenxa yokuthi phambili kwenziwa amakhemikhali akhethekile ayisithupha.

Uma kunamatts angaphezu kwamathathu emkhunjini, konke okulandelayo ngemuva komsakazo kuzothunyelwa njenge-grotto yokuqala, i-2nd grotto, njll.

Isakhiwo kanye nezinto zokwakha

Ngokuvame kakhulu ukuthi ama-masts omkhumbi (izithombe zezinhlobo zazo unethuba lokubona kulesi sihloko) zenziwe kusukela ezingxenyeni eziqhubekayo. Isisekelo saso sibizwa ngokuthi i-mast, kanti izingxenye zayo eziyinhloko yi-mast. Ingxenye engenhla ye-mast inegama "phezulu".

Umkhumbi omncane unesigqoko esenziwe ngomuthi owodwa (umuthi owodwa), nezitsha ezinkulu zihlonyelwe izingxenye ezintathu. Zingahle zihlukaniswe uma kunesidingo.

Izinto zokukhiqiza kwazo ziyizinkuni noma zensimbi. Insimbi (steel or metal metal) yenza amapayipi kamuva abe yisigqila emkhunjini.

Ngumuphi umuthi okwenziwa umkhumbi wemikhumbi? Lezi yizi:

• U-spruce.
• Larch.
• Fir.
• Pinia.
• Ipayipi enobuthi, njll.

Izihlahla kufanele zikhanyane futhi zihlaziye.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimbongolo ezahlukene

Ngaphambilini, ama-masts ayehlukaniswa indawo yawo emkhunjini:

• Umswakama.
• Isilinganiso.
• Emuva.

Inhloso yokusebenzisa lesi sikhwama isenhliziyweni yesigaba salo ku:

• Isignali. Lena isitifiketi esikhethekile sokuphakamisa izimpawu zesignali, amafulege, izibani noma ukufaka ama-antenna.
• Ukuhweba. Ihlonyelwe indlela ekhethekile yokuthola ukuqhuma. Kodwa, uma kunesidingo, kungenza imisebenzi efanayo ne-mast signal.
• Okukhethekile. Lawa ma-masts enzelwe injongo ethile.

Ngokusho komklamo, ama-masts omkhumbi ahlukaniswe:

• Ungashadile. Isigubhu esingasetshenziselwa amanzi, sisetshenziselwa ukufakwa ezitheni ezincane, kanye nemikhumbi ehamba ngemikhumbi. Zinezinhlobo ezimbili, isiqeshana esisodwa kanye nento eyodwa.
• I-Trenogie. Itkethe 3 amapayipi ensimbi.
• Ama-four-legged. I-mast ihlanganiswe ngamashidi ensimbi kuhlaka.
• Injenge-Tower. Izingosi ezakhiwe zihlelwe ngo-third party. Zenzelwe ukuqapha nokuthumela okuthunyelwe.

Isikhundla sesigqoko emkhunjini nasemthambekeni

Ukusakazwa kokuhamba kwempahla kunika ingxenye enkulu yokudla kwengqondo kubakhi. Kubalulekile ukuthi ubeke kahle imithi emkhunjini. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze umkhumbi usebenze kalula. Ukuthuthukiswa kancane kancane kwaholela ekwenzeni imithetho ethile.

Isikhungo semiphetho engezansi yama-masts sinqunywa ngokuqinile. Imitha iqala emgodini ophansi, i-mast yokuqala isethwe ku-1/9 yobude bayo, yesibili kuya ku-5 \ 9, isithathu kuya ku-17 \ 20. Lezi zilinganiso azikwenziwa ngesikhathi kwakhiwa imikhumbi yomthengisi. Imikhumbi yesiFulentshi eya emgqeni wangaphambili yayine-1/10 ingxenye yomkhumbi, isibalo senziwa, kusukela ngomnsalo.

Umthambeka we-mast wawuhlukile, imikhumbi ethile yahamba ngokuhamba kahle ngamasts aphikisana phambili, abanye emuva. Imikhumbi emifushane, kodwa emikhulu yakhiwa ngamasti aseduze naphakathi, aphikisiwe kakhulu. Futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokuphambene nalokho, izakhiwo eziqondile zafakwa, njengoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi phakathi nohambo, ngokumelene kakhulu nomoya, isikhumba singasiphula.

Kungani ama-masts adingekayo emkhunjini

Namuhla kuma-masts asungula:

• Antennas.
• Izibani zomkhumbi.
• Izimpawu.
• Ukuxhumana.
• Amafulegi.
• Izibopho ezidingekayo (uma umkhumbi uyimpahla).

Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, injongo ebaluleke kakhulu yamasts ukuhlinzeka ukwesekwa kwamaseyili womkhumbi. Konke okunye kuyisici esilandelayo.

Ukuphakama ama-masts emikhumbi

I-masts ihamba kanjani emikhumbi? Ama-masts angama-single wokuthola ukudlula emgodini ekhoneni elingenhla kanye nama-spurs (phansi kwesigqila) afakwe emgodini noma phansi kwesibili. Ikhebula elixhuma i-mast kuya ohlangothini libizwa ngokuthi umfana. Ingxenyeni engaphambili ye-mast isekelwe ngezindlela ze-stanchions, nangaseceleni elingemuva ngamabuckstands. I-bowsprit ihlanganiswe namakhemikhali akhethekile ayenziwe ngamakhodi aqinile. Manje izintambo zifakwa esikhundleni samaketanga.

Isigqoko somkhumbi sigxile emgodini noma sidluliselwe kuwo futhi sibheke ku-keel. Esikhathini samanje manje sigxile emaqokeni akhethekile ophahleni emgodini. Le ndlela yokulungisa inezinhlangothi ezinhle:

1. Isikhala ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwekhasi likhululekile, alithinti ukunyakaza.
2. Uma kwenzeka kwenzeka ingozi, i-mast, ekhonjiwe emgodini, ngeke iqede ikhava yekhabhinethi, kodwa ivele iwele phezulu.
3. Ukunyuka emgodini kunika elinye i-plus - uma ukudiliza kulula ukususa. Ngesikhathi isiqu, esixhunywe ku-keel, kuzodinga i-crane yalesi senzo.

Izimpi zempi

Amasts alolu hlobo lwesitsha lenziwe ngensimbi futhi abizwa ngokuthi "ukulwa". Amapulatifomu akhethekile afakwe kuwo, asetshenziselwa ukubuka noma ukufakwa okukhethekile okubeka imishini yamathuluzi.

Esikhathini esidlule, ama-masts wemikhumbi yempi ayenziwe ngezinkuni eziqinile, kodwa lapho i-projectile ithola, umkhumbi wawungavumelani. Njengoba kunikezwe zonke izinsizakalo zesikhathi, manje zifaka amatts akhethekile angama-three-legged or latticed (openwork). Zizinzile kakhulu, ungaphuli phansi ngokuqondile ngqo.

Ngokuya kwenani lamasts lihlukaniswe zibe yizimboni ezilodwa, ezimbili, ezintathu-, ezine-mast.

Izinhlobo zemikhumbi yemikhumbi

Ngaki amangaki emkhunjini, igama lakhe lincike. Ama-masts amahlanu, ama-masts amane, ama-barges anama-2, 4 nama-5 ama-masts, i-barkentine (i-mast 1 eqondile, i-2 slanting), i-brig with 2 masts, kanye ne-schooner, i-brigantine caravel, njalonjalo.

Inombolo yamasts, indawo yabo kanye nemithambeka yizo zonke izici ezihlukile.

Izitsha zomkhumbi zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo ezintathu, kuye ngokuthi zingaki ama-masts afakwe kuzo:

• Izitsha zomkhumbi ezizimele, ezihlanganisa i-yal, ikati, i-sloop, njll.
• Izitsha zokuhamba ngomkhumbi ezimbili ziyi-brig, i-schooner, i-brigantine, njalonjalo.
• Izitsha zokuhamba ngomkhumbi ezintathu: i-frigate, i-caravel, igxolo, njll.

Umlando omncane

Manje uyazi ukuthi umkhiqizo womkhumbi ungakanani, ukuthi zingaki zazo, ukuthi zihloswe ngani, njll. Ekuphetheni, ngingathanda ukuhamba kancane endabeni bese ngitshela ngamanye amaqiniso afuna ukwazi ukuthi kuzoba nesithakazelo kulabo abanesithakazelo kule sihloko.

Isizwe sifunde ukusebenzisa izinyathelo ngezinhloso zayo siqu eminyakeni engaba ngu-3 000 eyedlule. Lapho abantu beqala ukusebenzisa umoya ngezinhloso zabo siqu. Khona-ke lo mkhumbi wawunomphefumulo omkhulu futhi wawunamathele ku-rye, esesigodini esincane. Ukwakhiwa okunjalo kwasiza kuphela umoya omuhle. Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi kwakungekho nhlobo ingqondo kuye.

Ngemva kwesikhashana, ngesikhathi se-feudal system, ukwakha umkhumbi kwafinyelela ekuthuthukiseni okukhulu. Imikhumbi yayinezintambo ezimbili, futhi izikebhe ezisetshenziselwa zazenziwe ngendlela ephelele kakhulu. Kodwa ukwakha umkhumbi akuzange kuthuthuke ngaleso sikhathi. Ngalezo zinsuku, umsebenzi wawusetshenziswa kabanzi. Ngakho-ke, akekho oye wahlakulela le mboni.

Ngemuva kokunyamalala kwabasebenzi bakhululekile, umsebenzi wabadobi bezinhlanzi waba nzima. Ukusebenza kwemikhumbi, ukunyakaza okungenzeka kuphela ngokubamba iqhaza kwenani elikhulu lama-oarsmen, lalingenakwenzeka, njengoba ukwandiswa nokwandiswa kobudlelwane bezohwebo kwakusho ukuthuthela eminye imigwaqo.

Umkhumbi wokuqala, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zesikhathi, wabizwa ngokuthi "nave". Ekuqaleni yayinezintambo ezingu-1 noma ezimbili. Ubude bayo babuyi-40 m. Futhi babekwazi ukuthwala amathani ayi-500 ala mishini.

I-Carrakka iyisitsha esinezici ezintathu. Ama-masts amabili okuqala ayehlomile ngemisindo eqondile, lo mdlalo wawungunxantathu. Khona-ke lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zazihlanganiswa zibe munye futhi kwakuyizibonelo zemikhumbi yanamuhla namafriji.

I-Galleon umkhumbi waseSpain onama-4 emasti kanye ne-bowsprit, enezinyawo eziqondile.

Ukuthuthukiswa kokuthuthukiswa kwemikhumbi kwaholela ekwenzeni ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhumbi ecacile. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhumbi yezentengiselwano nezempi kwathatha isakhiwo sabo.