Isondlo sePlanethi: incazelo kanye nezici

Akusiyo imfihlakalo kunoma ubani ukuthi nxazonke kwelanga kukhona ukujikeleza kwezinto eziningana zasezulwini, lapho, ngaphandle kwamaplanethi, ama-satellites, ama-comet, ama-asteroids nezinye izinhlayiya nazo. Ososayensi banamuhla baye bakwazi ukuzitholela kuphela nge-telescopes nakwamanye amadivaysi, kodwa ngisho nokuqhuba izifundo zamasampuli abo atholakala ngokusebenzisa ama-probe. Konke lokhu manje kusivumela ukuthi siphendule ngokuzethemba imibuzo eminingi mayelana namaplanethi eduze kwelanga, ama-satellites kanye nezinye izidalwa zasezulwini.

Incazelo jikelele yamaplanethi wesistimu yelanga

Kuphelele, kunamaplanethi ayisishiyagalolunye esimisweni sethu sobusuku. Ngamunye wabo uhlukaniswa izici zayo zezinkanyezi nezakhi. Ngokufanayo noMhlaba, bonke bajikeleza hhayi nje kuphela nge-axis yabo siqu, kodwa futhi bazungeza umzimba ovamile wasezulwini. Amaplanethi aseduze neLanga yiMercury, Venus, Earth no Mars. Babizwa nangokuthi "amaplanethi weqembu elisemhlabeni". Izici zabo ezivamile ziyingcosana, ubukhulu bezinto eziqinile esakhiweni, ukungabi khona kwamasongo, nenani elincane lama-satellite. Emva kwabo baya amaplanethi eqenjini likaJupiter, elihlanganisa uJupiter ngokwalo, kanye neSaturn, Uranus neNeptune. Zibonakala ngesimo esincane kakhulu, kanye nezingxenye ezikhanyayo ezungeze i-nucleus. Emkhatsini wabo ngamunye kunezindandatho eziqukethe izinto ezichotshoziwe, futhi ama satellite amaningi ajikeleza. Ngokuqondene noPluto, uhlale ebumnyameni, futhi abanye ososayensi abamboni njengeplanethi.

I-Mercury

Cishe zonke izingane zesikole ziyazi ukuthi iyiphi iplanethi eliseduze kakhulu ne-Sun. Lona iMercury. Ngokwesayizi walo kusuka kubo bonke abamele isimiso endaweni yesikhombisa. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi ama- satellites kaSaturn noJupiter (Titan noGanymede ngokulandelana) angamakhulu amakhulu. Ububanzi beMercury buyizinkulungwane ezingama-4880, futhi ukuhamba kwayo kudlula kude kube cishe amakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-58 ukusuka eSun. Kuwo wonke umlando, umkhumbi owodwa kuphela wagijima kule planethi ("uMariner 10" ngo-1974-1975), ngakho-ke manje kuphela amaphesenti angu-45 kuphela owaziwa kuwo. Ngokomcwaningi ososayensi, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa lapha kuphakathi kuka 90 kuya ku 700 ^о К.

Iplanethi eliseduze ne-Sun yinto enjengeNyanga. Iqiniso liwukuthi ayikho ipuleti le-tectonic kulo , futhi kukhona inqwaba yamakhekhethi kanye nezinkukhu ezinkulu ezikhukhuleni. Ukuze uphazamitha olunjalo njengabantu abaningi, i-Mercury ohlelweni isendaweni yesibili ngemva kweMhlaba. Insimu yamagnesi yale planethi ibuthakathaka. Amandla ayo aqhathaniswa noMhlaba ayingcosana izikhathi eziningana. I-Mercury ayinayo ama-satellite, futhi uyayibona ngisho nangaso iso.

I-Venus

Iplanethi yesibili, ukwahlulela ukusuka kude neLanga, yiVenus. Endabeni lapho umgomo onjengobukhulu obuthathwa njengesizathu, endaweni yesithupha. Ububanzi bayo bungamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-12 000, futhi i-orbit idlula ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-108 ukusuka eSun. Isikebhe sokuqala esiya eVenus, sasingu-1962, "iMariner-2."

Uma kuqhathaniswa noMhlaba, iVenus ijikeleza kancane kakhulu. Ngokuphathelene nokuvumelanisa kwe-orbit yayo kanye nesikhathi sokujikeleza, uhlangothi olulodwa lwedeplanethi luhlale luphendukela kithi. Ngokuvamile i-Venus ibizwa ngokuthi "udadewabo womhlaba", ehambisana nokufaniswa kwawo okukhulu. Futhi iqiniso liwukuthi, ububanzi balo buyi-95% kusuka eplanethi yethu, futhi ubukhulu bungu-80%. Okufanayo okufanayo nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umuntu akakwazi kodwa uqaphele iqiniso lokuthi kwezinye izilinganiso eziningi kukhona ukungezwani okukhulu. Kukhona zonke izizathu zokukholelwa ukuthi uma nje kuVenus kwakukhona amanzi amaningi, ekugcineni abilisiwe, ngakho-ke manje sewomile ngokuphelele. Iplanethi ayinayo insimu yamagnetic (ngenxa yokujikeleza kancane), kanye nama-satellites. Ungayibona ngamehlo, ngoba esibhakabhakeni sethu yiyona "inkanyezi" ekhanyayo.

Umhlaba

Ingxenye yesithathu ku-akhawunti esuka ku-Sun yiMhlaba. Ububanzi bayo buyi-12 756.3 km, futhi i-orbit idlula kude 149.6 million km ukusuka emzimbeni wasezulwini. Njengamanye amaplanethi eduzane neLanga, linomlando weminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-5,5. Kulesi simiso, uMhlaba ubhekwa njengomzimba wesimo esiphezulu kakhulu. Amanzi ahlanganisa u-71% wendawo yawo. Isici esithakazelisayo ukuthi yilapha kuphela ekhona ifomu eliketshezi phezulu. Ososayensi bakhombisa ukuthi lokhu kuhlobene kakhulu nokuzinza kokushisa emhlabeni wethu. I- satellite kuphela yemvelo yoMhlaba yiNyanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizimba eminingi yokufakelwa yafakwa ngaphakathi.

Mars

Endaweni yesine ngokwebanga ukusuka eSangeni nesikhundla sesikhombisa ngosayizi nguMars. I-orbit yayo isendaweni engaba yizigidi eziyizigidi ezingama-228 ukusuka esibhakabhakeni, futhi ububanzi bungu-6794 km. Umkhumbi wokuqala owawufika kuye kwakuwuMgwedla 4 ngo-1965. Njengawo wonke amaplanethi aseduze neLanga, i-Mars ingaziqhayisa indawo engezansi futhi eyithakazelisayo. Kunezinhlayiya eziningi, izintaba, izintaba namagquma. Ukushisa okuvamile ku-Mars kungaba ngaphansi kwama-degrees angu-55. Ungayibona ngisho nangaso iso. Ngokuqondene nama-satellite, le planethi inezinkampani ezimbili: Deimos kanye nePhobos, ejikelezayo eduze kwayo.