Iyini imisebenzi yokufaka imali ebhange?

Isistimu yasebhange emnothweni wamanje kufanele isebenze njengebhethri futhi isakaze semali yamahhala. Yiqiniso, ezimweni ezibuhlungu konke akuyona into enhle, kepha noma kunjalo sizofunda imisebenzi yokufaka idiphozi njengenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kule nqubo. Kulesi sihloko sizobheka zonke izici. Futhi ngenxa yalokhu sicabangela ukusebenza kwe -deposit ebhange laseRussia, kanye nezakhiwo ezahlukene zezimali zezezimali.

I-terminology

Iyini imisebenzi yokufaka imali? Yilokho izenzo ezisebenzayo zamabhange zibizwa ukuheha izimali zabantu ngabanye kanye nezinhlangano zomthetho zibe yimali ethile esikhathini esithile (noma ngokufunwa).

Izinto ezikuleli cala zifaka imali. Leli yigama lemali imali eyenziwa yizinhlangano kwi- akhawunti yabo yasebhange. Nalokhu akukho inkinga. Kodwa ngubani ongenza izifundo? Ziqondwa njengabantu ngabanye, kanye namabhizinisi kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lomhlangano nolomthetho lobunikazi.

Ukuqhuba imisebenzi yokufaka imali: ukulungiselela

Ekuqaleni, inhlangano ngayinye yezikweletu ibhekene nomsebenzi wokwakha inqubomgomo yayo kule ndawo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda konke imisebenzi ethile yezohwebo, okuhlose ukwakha, ukuhlela nokulawula izinsiza zebhange.

Umgomo omkhulu wokusebenza kanye nokulandela inqubomgomo yediphozi ukwandisa umthamo wesisekelo sokusebenza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile ukuzama ukunciphisa izindleko nokugcina izinga elidingekayo lokuthengiswa kwemali, ngokucabangela zonke izinhlobo zezingozi.

Uma sicabanga ukuthi ibhange ngalinye liyakhula inqubomgomo yayo yokufaka idiphozi, inkinga enkulu ngeke ibe yiyo, kodwa mayelana nekhwalithi yayo. Inhlangano ngokwayo ixhomeke ezinombeni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ubukhulu besikhungo sezezimali, iziqu zabasebenzi abanomthwalo wokwenza ukuthengiselana, nezinye izinto eziningi. Phela, imisebenzi yokufaka imali yasebhange ngemali ephawulekayo, futhi ukuyivumela ukuba ilahleke kusho ukubeka ibala kwidumela labo.

Izinhlobo zokufaka imali

Izinhlobo ze-deposit operation zixhomeke ezintweni eziningi. Ngakho-ke, uma siqhubeka isigaba sabathengi, khona-ke kukhona ukugcinwa kwezinhlangano zomthetho (amabhizinisi, izinhlangano, ezinye izikhungo zezezimali) kanye nabantu ngabanye. Futhi ngokwendlela yokuhoxiswa, lezo zimali zihlukaniswa:

1. Kufunwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iklayenti ingafika nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi idinga idiphozi yakhe.
2. Kuphuthumayo. Lezi zisebenza isikhathi esithile. Uma iklayenti ifuna ukuhoxisa izimali ngaphambi kokuphela kwenkontileka, ingalahlekelwa yingxenye ebalulekile yenzalo (noma ngisho nayo yonke).
3. Umgomo. Lezi zimali zingahoxiswa kuphela lapho kwenzeka khona izimo ezithile ezivunyelwe ngaphambilini. Isibonelo, singacacisa okulandelayo: umnyaka we-18.

Lezi yizinto zokufaka imali ebhange. Kodwa bangabelana, bathole ukubukeka okuningiliziwe. Mayelana naye, manje sikhuluma.

Funa izimali

Zihlanganisa:

1. Izimali ezitholakala ekuhlaleni, ezabelomali kanye nama-akhawunti wamanje wama-non-state amabhizinisi asebunikazi bombuso.
2. Imali enabantu ngabanye.
3. Izimali ezibekwa kuma-akhawunti wezimali nganoma iyiphi injongo.
4. Ama-deposit of the population on demand.
5. Kusho ama-akhawunti wabhalisa kwamanye amabhange.
6. Idiphozi zemali ngokufunwa kwezikhungo zezezimali, izinhlangano ezingezona ezohwebo.
7. Izimali ezibalweni (ngaphansi kwazo ziyizinhlamvu zemali nokuhlola), kanye nezibopho zokuthengiselana ngabanye.

Naphezu kokuthi lezi zimali zikwazi ukuhamba ngemali ephakeme, ibhalansi elincane linganqunywa, elingeke lisetshenziswe ngaphambi kokuphuthumayo, ukuze lithole isisetshenziswa esiqinile esesikweletu. Lokhu, ngokusobala, ithwala amandla okufihliwe. Njengalokhu, umuntu angabiza ukuthenga ngesikweletu nokufaka i-akhawunti. Bavumela ukufinyelela okulula futhi okusheshayo kwezidingo zemali ezidingekayo, futhi asikho isidingo sokuthola mboleko ebhange.

Ithemithi ihlala

Isikhathi sokugcina esilukhuni esibaluleke kakhulu kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi yemali yamabhange ezentengiselwano. Futhi, iphothifoliyo yabo ivumela ukuthi sikhulume ngokusimama kwenhlangano. Njengomthetho, idiphozithi yegama iyamukelwa isikhathi esithile:

• Kuze kube yizinsuku ezingu-30;
• Izinsuku ezingu-31-90;
• Izinsuku ezingu-91-180;
• Kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-181 kuya ngonyaka;
• Kusukela ku-1 ngonyaka kuya eminyakeni engu-3;
• Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-3.

Ngokuvamile kunezimo lapho ama-deposit isikhathi angafunwa khona, ngakho-ke abe njengalapho esephelelwe isikhathi sokusakaza. Ukubuyisela imali yakho kulokhu kuzoba inkinga kakhulu.

Ukuphakanyiswa kwaloluhlobo lwama-deposit kwathinteka kahle ngokusetshenziswa kwamakhadi epulasitiki kanye nokukhokhelwa ngosizo lwabo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kubalwa ama-akhawunti akhethekile okukhokha intela yesithakazelo encishisiwe, kepha uma kwenzeka ukuhoxiswa nganoma isiphi isikhathi iklayenti ayitholi izinhlawulo ebhange. Ukuze ukwandise isithakazelo kubantu, indlela yokwenza amazinga okuyinkimbinkimbi isetshenziswa kakhulu.

Ukwandisa inani lemithombo

Kulokhu, kusetshenziselwa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yebhange, okubhekiswe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zabantu kuye ngezinga labo lezenhlalakahle, kanye namanani nemigomo lapho idiphozi ivuliwe futhi idluliselwe khona.

Kulokhu, amabhange abuye acabangele izidingo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zabantu abangavula i-akhawunti. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo zokusebenzisana nabo bonke - ezivela kubafundi nabahola impesheni kanye nokuphela nekilasi eliphakathi nabamabhizinisi bacatshangelwa. Ukuze uqiniseke ngalokhu, kwanele ukubheka ukuthi lezi zikhungo zezimali zinikeza.

Kukhona iminikelo ehlukene: umfundi, impesheni, utshalomali nokunye. Ngokusho kwabo, amabhange anikeze isithakazelo noma amanye amagama okukhetha. Okubalulekile kulokhu kuyinto elula futhi ijubane yokungena enkonzweni nokuvula i-akhawunti. Ezimweni eziningi, amafomu okujwayela asetshenzisiwe asetshenziswa. Nakuba kwezinye izimo inkontileka ngayinye ingasetshenzwa (lokhu ngokuqondile kuxhomeke esigabeni samaklayenti).

Umzabalazo phakathi kwamabhange kumakhasimende

Umncintiswano phakathi kwezikhungo ezehlukene zezezimali ubaphoqa ukuba baqhube ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi ye-deposit ukuze bakhethe uhlobo lokuxhumana nabantu abababeka ekukhanyeni okuhle. Lokhu kunikezwe uhla oluphelele lwezinsizakalo, nasekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yesevisi, futhi ekukwazi ukulandelela i-akhawunti yakho kude.

Amabhonasi ahlukahlukene anganikwa ngendlela yokuthengisa amasheke okuhamba, ukuguqula imali ngezinga elihle, ukucubungula amakhadi epulasitiki, ukusheshisa ukudluliswa kwemali, ukukhokhela izimpahla ezihlukahlukene, izinkokhelo zesevisi, nokuningi okuningi. Ukudala nokuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakalo eziningi zebhange kanye nomshuwalense we-deposit ngokufanele ukwandisa ukukhangiswa kwenhlangano yezezimali emehlweni wabasomali bamanje nalabo abangakwazi ukutshala izimali. Ngenxa yalokhu, isisekelo semithombo yesakhiwo sisanda ngokushesha.

Ukulondolozwa nezitifiketi zediphozi

Ziluhlobo lwegama elibekiwe. Ngesikhathi sokuqala bahlelwe ngokomthetho eRussia Federation ngo-1992. Imithetho esebenzayo ezitifiketi ifana nayo yonke amabhange. Nakuba izimo zokukhululwa nokusabalalisa kohlobo ngalunye ngalunye zithuthukiswa ngokunembile ngezakhiwo zezezimali.

Izitifiketi zingakhishwa kuphela kuma-ruble. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulinganiselwa okuphawulekayo ukuthi abakwazi ukukhonza njengendlela yokukhokha noma yokukhokhela izinsizakalo ezinikeziwe noma izimpahla ezithengiswayo. Okuyingqayizivele ukuthi izinga lokuncintisana alinakuguqulwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi unilaterally. Uma iklayenti isetshenziselwe ukukhokha emva kwesikhathi esibekiwe, isikhungo sezimali sibeka phambi kwakhe isibopho sokukhokha imali ecacisiwe ngesidingo sokuqala.

Inhlangano ye-deposit imisebenzi, okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, ihlobanisa ngezinga elikhulu ebhange elilodwa kanye nokuxhumana kwalo nabantu ngabanye (noma amabhizinisi angahlobene ne-credit sphere). Futhi manje ake sandise ububanzi bomngane wethu.

Ukukhishwa kwezibopho

Njengendlela yokuthola imali eyengeziwe, izibopho zisetshenziswa. Zilawulwa yizincwadi ezifanayo njengezabelo. Ibhange lingakhipha izibopho:

• Kubhalisiwe;
• Kumnikazi.

Bangakwazi ukuvikeleka noma ngaphandle kwediphozi, benesithakazelo, isaphulelo, abaguquguqukayo, abanezidingo ezihlukahlukene. Ukuze bakhulise imali, bangakhishwa ngemali noma ama-ruble.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhlinzekwa kwezibonelelo zamabhange kwezinye izikhungo zezezimali kubaluleke kakhulu (uma sikhuluma ngezimali zokufaka imali). Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa imininingwano kanye nokuhwebelana, nakuba kungenzeka nokwakha ubudlelwano obuqondile bokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlangano. Kodwa uma zingekho izakhiwo ezinkulu noma kungekho ukwethemba phakathi kwabo, khona-ke indalini noma ukushintshaniswa kwesitoko kunamathuba amaningi. Akuyona indima encane, ngendlela, edlalwa khona kubalamuleli kanye nesidingo sokungenani okungenani uhlobo lokukhethwa.

Manje ake silalelisise izinto zethu zangempela futhi sikhulume ngemisebenzi yokufaka imali ebhange laseRussia.

Imali evela ku-Central Bank yaseRussia Federation

Iningi lemali yeBhange Elikhulu kuze kube ngu-1995 linikezwe ukuze linikeze amagatsha omnotho kuqala. Kulesi simo kwakungengqondo. Lezi zicatshangelwa yizimboni ezithile zezimboni, ezolimo nezinye izindawo, ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni.

Kusukela ngo-1994, iBhange Elikhulu laqala ukusebenzisa amasheya ezinsiza. Kakade ngo-1995 baba yi-instrument enkulu kakhulu yokuvuselela. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, nakuba ukuboleka okuhlosiwe akuyona into emnandi noma engavamile, iBhange Elikhulu lisetshenziselwa kakhulu njengethuluzi lokuxhasa amabhange angasese ngezinga eliphansi ukuze bakwazi ukusekela izimbangi ezibanzi zabamabhizinisi nezakhamuzi ezivamile okudingekayo Kungasiza kakhulu umnotho wekhaya.

Umsebenzi wamabhange ezentengiselwano

Ake sibone ukuthi imisebenzi ye-deposit ye-Sberbank ingabambisana nezinye izikhungo zezezimali. Kunezinkomba ezine eziyinhloko:

1. Imali mboleko ye-Interbank etholakala kwezinye izikhungo zezezimali. Zihambisana nenkontileka, ebeka konke okudingekayo ekuthengiseni okunjalo: inani, isikhathi, amanani entengo. Sebenzisa le nsiza ibiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke ayisebenzi kakhulu.
2. Ukukhipha umsebenzi wokufaka idiphozi ngokugcwalisa i-akhawunti yombhalisi. Kungukuthi ukudluliswa kwemali kusekelwe esivumelwaneni esifanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inzalo yokusetshenziswa kwemithombo ayikhokhiwe. Njengomvuzo, ibhalansi ku-akhawunti inikeziwe. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ngamabhange anobungane noma ahlobene nethembe.
3. Izinsiza ezivela kwamanye amagatsha. Le ndlela isebenza kuphela ebhange elilodwa kuphela. Ukusetshenziswa kwalo kulula ngoba akukho sidingo sokubambisana, ukuhlela kanye nokushintshanisa amalungiselelo ngaphambi kokuthola mboleko. Cha, yiqiniso, amanye amadokhumenti azokwenziwa ukuba ahlanganiswe, kodwa lokhu kulandela ukuthengiselana. Ukusebenza kwenziwa njengoba kudingekile. Ngokuziphatha kwakhe, kwanele ukwenza ucingo, futhi njengesiqinisekiso isaziso esithunyelwe nge-imeyli noma ngefeksi. Ngenxa yalokhu, leli thuluzi libhekwa njengelihamba kakhulu kunazo zonke futhi lihamba kahle. Ikuvumela ukuba ukhange inani elidingekayo, ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunciphisa izindleko.
4. Usizo oluvela ebhange elikhulu. Lolu hlobo lokukhanga kwezinsiza lungabhekwa yinto yokuqala, uma kungenjalo ngoba izinga lesithakazelo ngokuvamile liphansi kancane futhi lisetjenziswa umyalelo wokudoba.

Kwenzeka kanjani emhlabeni

Ukukhwabanisa kwemali efomini yephoyisti kwenziwa ngenani lentengo ephawulekayo. Izikweletu nazo zinikezwa ngamaphesenti aphakeme nakakhulu. Ingabe kunjalo yonke indawo noma kukhona okuhlukile?

Iqiniso liwukuthi ama-deposit aphakanyiswa njengendlela enokwethenjelwa yokuzivikela ekunciphiseni imali. Yiqiniso, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso kuphela ezimweni ezithile - ngokuvamile zilula ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi. Ngakho-ke, amanani atholakala ngqo kule nkhomba. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, eJapane, eU.SA, eDenmark, eSwitzerland ungabona ama-deposit at 0-0.5% ngonyaka.

Imali kula mazwe ikhishwa ngo-1-3%. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akusizi ukufaka imali nabo. Kodwa ake sibheke izikhungo zethu zezezimali - lapha ungabona amazinga akhokhelwa ngama-dollar nama-euro ngo-5, 6, 7 no-10%! Ngokweqile, singaphetha ngokuthi kunenzuzo enkulu ukufaka imali emazweni angaphandle ezweni laseRussian Federation. Kodwa kunezingozi eziningi eziningana, kubandakanya ukuthi kungenzeka ukuguqula wonke ama-deposits abe yi-ruble, ukunyamalala kwebhange kusukela emakethe yezinsizakalo zezezimali, nokuningi okuningi. Ngakho-ke, inzalo ephezulu yinhlobo yesinxephezelo sezingozi ezibhekene nomnikazi wemali.

Ukufingqa

Ngakho-ke, ukufaka imali emabhange yizenzo ezithile ezenziwa ngayo ukubunjwa kwezimali zebhange. Le nqubo yenziwa ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi amaningi.

Ngakho-ke, umthombo oyinhloko wokuthola izinsiza ukukhangwa kwezimali ezivela kumakhasimende (okuyizinto ngabanye kanye nezinhlangano zomthetho). Ngaphandle kokwenza imisebenzi yaloluhlobo, ngeke kube khona ukufaka iphothifoliyo yokuqala yasebhange, futhi isikhungo sezezimali ngeke sibe nezinsiza zokukhipha izikweleti nokuqhuba ibhizinisi layo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kwalokhu, uhlelo lwesimanje lwemali luyobe luhlangene nezinkinga ezibalulekile.