Iyini inqubo tetemibhalo

Igama elithi "inqubo tetemibhalo" angethula engayazi nenchazelo yomuntu ngendlela stupor. Ngenxa akucaci ukuthi nqubo, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi, yini ehilelekile futhi kukhona onjani imithetho. Kulesi sihloko, sizofunda sihlaziye ngokuningiliziwe lo mqondo. Ngokukhethekile kunikezwa inqubo kwezincwadi nekhulu le-19 nelesi-20 leminyaka.

Iyini inqubo tetemibhalo?

Lo mqondo libhekisela:

• ukuphila zokudala nesigcino amaqiniso futhi izenzakalo of ezweni elithile e enkathini ethile;
• ukuthuthukiswa etemibhalo ngomqondo zomhlaba wonke ezihlanganisa bonke ubudala, amasiko kanye namazwe.

Lapho esebenzisa igama elithi ngomqondo yesibili bavame ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inqubo zomlando etemibhalo".

Ngokuvamile, umqondo sachaza nezinguquko zomlando zezwe nezincwadi kazwelonke, okuyinto eba, nakanjani nihlanganyele.

Ngo Phakathi nokufunda le nqubo abacwaningi ukuxazulula izinselele eziningi, phakathi lapho omunye oyinhloko uwukwenza ushintsho amafomu olusankondlo, imibono, ukunyakaza kanye izitayela abanye.

abalobi ithonya

Inqubo etemibhalo abalobi kuhlanganisiwe ngubani amasu abo amasha wobuciko kanye ucwaningo nge ulimi futhi uhlobo ushintsho yokusondela incazelo zezwe futhi indoda. Nokho, lokho abakutholile ababhali ukwenza akuyona kusuka ekuqaleni, ngoba ngeke bathembele nakho ngaphambili zabo, owayehlala ezweni lakhe futhi phesheya. Okungukuthi, umbhali usebenzisa cishe zonke nesipiliyoni bokubeka isintu. Kule singaphetha ngokuthi kukhona umzabalazo abadala nabasha imibono kwezobuciko, futhi yonke into entsha tetemibhalo uye sisebenzisa izimiso zalo lokusungula, okungenza, isekelwe esikweni, kodwa inselele yabo.

Evolution of izinkomba kanye izinhlobo

ngaleyo ndlela inqubo Literary kuhilela kwemvelo izinhlobo. Ngakho, ekhulwini le-17 abalobi French wamemezela esikhundleni sohlelo Baroque, ekwamukeleni willfulness izimbongi futhi ababhali bemidlalo izimiso zakudala, okudinga ukuthobela imithetho elawula. Nokho, kakade ngekhulu le-19 kwaba khona romance, enqabe yonke imithetho futhi bamemezela nenkululeko umculi. Namaqiniso sekukhona ke wadingiswa romanticism subjective wafaka phambili imisebenzi yabo. Futhi ushintsho kulezi zindawo - njengengxenye yenqubo tetemibhalo, kanye nezizathu zokuthi kungani zenzeka, futhi abalobi ukusebenza ngaphakathi kubo.

Ungakhohlwa mayelana izinhlobo. Ngakho, inoveli, uhlobo kunawo futhi ethandwa kakhulu, useke wabhekana ezingaphezu kweyodwa ushintsho imisinga kwezobuciko izitayela. Futhi ilungisiwe kuyo yonke iminyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, iyisibonelo esivelele noveli Yenguquko - "Don Quixote" - zihluke kakhulu "eRobinson Crusoe", esalotshwa phakathi Ukukhanyiselwa, futhi bobabili ezihluke ngemisebenzi O. de Balzac, uVictor uHugo, Charles Dickens.

izincwadi Russian kwekhulu le-19

inqubo Literary 19. Kuyinto isithombe kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuvela okwangempela ezibucayi. Futhi abameleli lo mkhuba kukhona N. V Gogol, A. S. Pushkin, I. S. Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, F. M. Dostoevsky futhi A. P. chehov. Njengoba ubona, umsebenzi balobi ihlukile kakhulu Nokho, ngokushesha baqalaza zonke basonta ukugeleza efanayo. Kulesi sifundo kwezincwadi kule ndaba, ukhuluma hhayi kuphela kwabanye bokubeka abalobi, kodwa futhi ukushintsha kwezinkathi okwangempela futhi indlela ekuqondeni izwe futhi indoda.

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-19 romanticism ekhulwini indawo "esikoleni yemvelo", okuyinto vele phakathi kwekhulu waqala ukuba waqonda njengoba into evimbela ukuqhubeka izincwadi. F. Dostoevsky futhi UTolstoy sebeqala unamathisele okukhulu ukubaluleka psychologism ngemisebenzi yakhe. Kwakuyisikhathi esigabeni esisha kakhulu ekuthuthukeni okwangempela ngesiRashiya, kanye "esikoleni yemvelo" yisikhathi. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi izindlela yangaphambilini ye ukugeleza uyeke ukusebenzisa. Kunalokho, entsha ukunyakaza etemibhalo sihlanganisa esidala, sona sisale kancane ke njengoba injalo manje, kancane ukushintshwa. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ngethonya kwezincwadi angaphandle ngesiRashiya, kanye ngenhlanhla izincwadi Russian for kwezilwandle.

izincwadi Western kwekhulu le-19

inqubo Literary kwekhulu le-19 eYurophu kuhlanganisa izindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko - romanticism Nokubhekana Namaqiniso. Bobabili baye baba ibonisa izenzakalo zomlando kwalesi sikhathi. Khumbula ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi kukhona izinguquko kwezezimboni, kokuvula izimboni, ukwakha kwezitimela nokunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona French Revolution, okwaholela zabhikisha kanye kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Lezi zenzakalo Yiqiniso, kubonakala ezincwadini, kuba ngokuphelele isikhundla ezahlukene: Romanticism ufuna ukubaleka ngokoqobo futhi udale kube nezwe eliphelele; okwangempela - ukuhlaziya okwenzekayo bese uzama ukushintsha ngokoqobo.

Romanticism ukuthi kwavela kwekhulu le-18, kancane kancane ngokuba akusebenzi maphakathi nekhulu le-19. Kodwa okwangempela, okuyinto eyenzeka kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya ngasekupheleni kwekhulu buthola umfutho. isiqondiso Ongokoqobo ephuma okwangempela futhi uthi uqobo kweminyaka engaba ngu-30-40.

okwangempela udumo kungenxa orientation bezehlalakuhle, eye efunwa ngabakwa umphakathi ngesikhathi.

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi kwekhulu lama-20 Russia

inqubo Literary 20. Sinzima kakhulu, okukhulu futhi edidayo, ikakhulukazi eRussia. Lokhu kungenxa, ngokuyinhloko, lezi zincwadi emigre. Abalobi abaye baxoshwa ezweni lawo ngemva 1917, waqhubeka ezibhala phesheya, Ngokuqhubeka emasikweni kwezincwadi esidlule. Kodwa kwenzekani eRussia? Lapha ezihlukahlukene Motley yezitayela nokuthambekela, ngokuthi Isiliva Ubudala forcibly unciphe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi okwangempela sezenhlalo. Futhi bonke ezama asuke abalobi kwakhe ngesihluku becindezela. Noma kunjalo, imisebenzi wadala kodwa hhayi ishicilelwe. Phakathi kwalezi abalobi - Akhmatova, Zoshchenko, kusukela abalobi bakamuva abamelene -. Alexander uSolzhenitsyn, Benedict Erofeev, njll Ngayinye yalezi abalobi uyaqhubeka isiko kwezincwadi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngaphambi kokufika okwangempela sezenhlalo. Into ezithakazelisayo kakhulu kule ndaba umsebenzi "eMoscow - Petushki" eyabhalwa V Yerofeyev ngo-1970 bese ushicilelwa West. Lokhu inkondlo - esinye sezibonelo bokuqala izincwadi postmodern.

Kuze kube sekupheleni eSoviet Union cishe akukho umkhiqizo obhaliwe, akuhlobene okwangempela nomphakathi. Nokho, ngemva kokuwa amandla kuthathela ngokoqobo kokusa ncwadi ukushicilela. Kushicilelwe ngu konke okuye kwabhalwa kwekhulu lama-20, kodwa kwakungavunyelwe. Kukhona abalobi entsha abaqhubeka isiko izincwadi Isiliva Ubudala, eyayivaliwe angaphandle.

izincwadi Western kwekhulu lama-20

inqubo Western etemibhalo kwekhulu lama-20 libhekene uxhumano obuseduze izenzakalo zomlando, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezimpi zezwe lokuqala nelesibili. Lezi zenzakalo washaqeka kakhulu eYurophu.

Esikhathini izincwadi kwekhulu lama-20 kukhona izindawo ezimbili ezinkulu - yesimanjemanje kanye postmodernism (iminyaka engu-70 lapho). Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa ezifana zamanje existentialism, expressionism, surrealism. Lapho lokhu empilweni yesimanjemanje kuyinto kakhulu ngokucacile futhi uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela athuthukile engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, bese kancane kancane ehlehlela ukuze postmodernism.

isiphetho

Ngakho, inqubo tetemibhalo - inhlanganisela Amathrendi, izinkomba, imisebenzi abalobi zezenzakalo ezingokomlando ekuthuthukisweni kwabo. Phumula imayelana izincwadi kwenza ukwazi ukuthi luhlobo luni imithetho ke ekhona futhi yini inomthelela kwemvelo yayo. Ukuqala inqubo tetemibhalo kungenziwa ngokuthi umkhiqizo wokuqala adalwe isintu, futhi ekupheleni luyofika kuphela lapho sinikezwe esabakho.