Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky: Biography, ukubukwa

Worker Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky kwaba Ryazan futhi Locum Tenens we wezinzalamizi Sobukhosi. Wavuka sibonga uPetru mina, Nokho, kwadingeka eziningi ukungavumelani nenkosi, eyagcina kwakukhula kuze kube ukungqubuzana. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe locum tenens esiGungwini yadalwa, lapho isimo anqotshwe ngokuphelele iSonto.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Ngokuzayo umholi wenkolo Stefan Jaworski wazalwa ngo 1658 edolobheni Jawor, Galicia. Abazali bakhe ezicukuthwaneni kunalokho abampofu. Ngaphansi imigomo Andrusovo ukuthula sivumelwano ngo 1667, bathuthela emaphethelweni Poland sokugcina. umndeni Orthodox Jaworski usenqume ukushiya futhi ukuthuthela Yavor Kwesokunxele-Bank Ukraine, okuyinto eyaba yingxenye State eMoscow. Izwe labo elisha waphenduka Krasilovka emzaneni eduze nedolobha Nezhin. Lapha Stefan Jaworski (emhlabeni igama lakhe kwakunguJohane uSemyon) baqhubeka imfundo yakhe.

Lapho esemusha, kakade ngokuzimela kuhanjiswe ku Kiev, lapho wabhalisa Kyïv-Mohyla Collegium. Wayengomunye kwezinhlangano main zemfundo eningizimu yeRussia. Lapha Stefan wafunda kuze 1684. Wancika ukunakwa Metropolitan ikusasa Kiev Varlaama Yasinskogo. Umfana ayevelele ilukuluku nje kuphela kodwa futhi amakhono angokwemvelo oluvelele - memory snap Ukuqapha. Barlaam wamsiza ukuya ukufunda phesheya.

Isifundo ePoland

Ngo 1684, Stefan Jaworski waya Rzeczpospolita. Watadisha nge amaJesuit e Lviv futhi Lublin, wajwayelana nge zenkolo e Poznan futhi Vilnius. AmaKatolika wathatha kuphela ngemva osafunda abasha baya ukholo Uniate. Kamuva le senzo wagxeka abaphikisi bakhe futhi iyagula Ababukele e Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Khonamanjalo Uniates baba ososayensi abaningi abangathanda ukufinyelela emayunivesithi aseNtshonalanga kanye imitapo. Phakathi kwabo kwakuno-, isibonelo, Orthodox Epiphany Slavonetsky futhi Innokentiy Gizel.

Isifundo Yavorsky e-Commonwealth yaphela ngo 1689. Wathola i-diploma Western. Ngeminyaka embalwa nje ePoland wafunda ritorskomu isazi semfundiso yenkolo, stihotvorcheskomu nezobuciko zefilosofi. Ngalesi sikhathi ekugcineni kwakhiwa wakhe umbono abanawo emhlabeni wonke, okuyinto kunqunywa zonke izenzo esizayo futhi izinqumo. Akungabazeki ukuthi kwakuyizwi ongumJesuit Catholic safaka umfundi wakhe ubutha ezingapheli zokuba amaProtestane, lowo kamuva uyokwenza Russia.

Buyela Russia

Ukubuyela Kiev, Stefan Jaworski sazilahla yamaKatolika. I-Academy wendawo anilamukelanga ngemva kovivinyo. Barlaam Jasinski Yavorsky belulekwa ukuba baphuze ama-oda Izigodlo. Ekugcineni, wavuma, futhi waba indela, ukuthatha igama uStefanu. Ekuqaleni wayengumuntu imfundamakhwela ku Kyïv-Pechersk Lavra. Lapho akhethwe Metropolitan Barlaam, wabasiza protégé yakhe ukuba abe vitiystva uthisha kanye mpendulo ngesikhathi Academy. Jaworski ngokushesha ukuthola izikhundla ezintsha. Ngu-1691 waba ngumholi wababusi, kanye uprofesa Ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo.

Njengoba uthisha Stefan Yavorsky, ogama biography kwakuhambisana nezinga Poland, wasebenzisa izindlela Latin nokufundisa. "Nezilwane" yakhe kwakungabashumayeli esizayo futhi uhulumeni nezikhulu ezinezikhundla eziphezulu. Kodwa umfundi main kwaba Feofan Prokopovich - Ngokuzayo abaphikisi abakhulu Stefan Yavorsky e Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Nakuba kamuva uthisha wamangalelwa ukuthi wayengumuntu ngaphakathi kwezindonga Kiev Academy wokusakaza imfundiso yamaKatolika, lezi tirades bekunganasisekelo. Umshumayeli izifundo imibhalo ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla, kukhona izincazelo eziningi zamaKristu Western amaphutha.

Kanye befundisa futhi izifundo ukufunda ku izincwadi Stefan Jaworski ngakhonza ibandla. It is azenza emcimbini lomshana umshado eyaziwa Ivan Mazepa. Ngaphambi kwempi nompristi abaseSweden wakhuluma kahle mayelana hetman. Ngo 1697 isazi semfundiso yenkolo baba wesigodlo at St Nicholas Monastery erhalawumbeni eduze Kiev. Kwaba isabelo kwakusho ukuthi maduze balindelwe Jaworski wedolobha. Okwamanje, wabasiza eziningi Barlaam bahamba neziyalezo zakhe eMoscow.

engalindelekile

Ngo-January 1700 Stefan Yavorsky, ogama biography kungenziwa baphetha ngokuthi umsebenzi Eri kwakusondela ube esejika, ngaya enhlokodolobha. Metropolitan Varlaam bambuza ukuhlangana uMbhishobhi Omkhulu u-Adrian ukuncenga ukuze udale Pereyaslavskaya esihlalweni entsha. Isilayezi kwenziwe umsebenzi, kodwa kungakabiphi kwase kwenzeka isenzakalo esingalindelekile esashintsha ukuthi yasishintsha ukuphila kwakhe.

Enhloko-dolobha, wafa wohlanga olukhulu kanye nomholi wezempi Alyaksei Shein. Yena, kanye uPetru abasha ngangiphila ukuthunjwa Azov, ngisho waba generalissimo wokuqala Russian. Moscow isinqumo sokuthi yokuvalelisa ukusho ezisanda kufika Stefan Yavorsky. Ezemfundo nekhono lokukwazi ukujabulela ukushumayela le ndoda ivelile indlela engcono kakhulu nge kwakubuthene izicukuthwane. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu - Kiev isivakashi zaphawula inkosi, engayitshelanga kakhulu benamandla bokukhuluma kwakhe. Peter ngiyenze ukuncoma inzalamizi Adrian isithunywa Varlaam inhloko abanye besifunda-bhishobhi esingekude neMoscow. Stefan Yavorsky itshelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlala-dolobha. yena waba ngokushesha wanikela Metropolitan entsha Ryazan futhi Murom. Ilinde isikhathi lapho lakhanya ku Donskoy Monastery.

Metropolitan kanye tenens locum

April 7, 1700 Metropolitan entsha Ryazan kwaba Stefan Jaworski. ngokushesha Umbhishobhi wasiphakamisa imisebenzi yakhe, waphonseka ezindabeni zesonto zendawo. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe wodwa Ryazan yaba ngeyesikhashana. Kakade Okthoba 15 ushone eneminyaka engu futhi owayegula uMbhishobhi Omkhulu u-Adrian. Peter ngisondela Alexey Kurbatov wamtshela ukuba ulinde uma kukhethwa esikhundleni. Kunalokho, inkosi wamisa okuthunyelwe entsha tenens locum. Ngalesi indawo umeluleki ahlinzekwa ukubeka holmogorskogo-Archbishop Athanasius. UPetru wanquma ukuthi wayengafuni babe tenens locum, futhi Stefan Yavorsky. Izintshumayelo Kiev isithunywa e Moscow, walethwa elisezingeni Metropolitan of Ryazan. Manje kuba esingaphansi konyaka wagxuma esigabeni sokugcina ibuye waba umuntu wokuqala Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia.

Kwakuthinta ukwanda meteoric, sesiye Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba inhlanganisela ngempumelelo izimo kanye Charisma semfundiso yenkolo engu-42 ubudala. sibalo sakhe isibe yithoyizi ezandleni neziphathimandla. UPetru wayefuna ukuqeda kwayo esigungwini sabefundisi abakhulu njengoba umonakala kulesakhiwo isimo. Wahlela ukuba bahlele kabusha esontweni futhi abangaphansi ngqo amakhosi. Samuntu yokuqala yale kabusha isanda lesikhungo i-locum tenens izikhundla. Kuqhathaniswa inzalamizi, umuntu nale isimo abe namandla ephansi kakhulu. nobukhulu bayo kukhawulwe futhi ilawulwa isiGungu emaphakathi. Ukuqonda ubunjalo Petrine guqula esisodwa nje kuphela singabhubhisa ukuqagela ukuthi ukuqokwa ngampela ingu-ke owemzini okungahleliwe futhi indoda laseMoscow endaweni we yesonto ngamabomu futhi bekucabangele.

Lutho neze nodumo wafuna Stefan Yavorsky. Uniate Church, lapho edlula ebusheni bakhe, kanye nezinye izici imibono yakhe singabangela ezingqubuzana edolobheni yomphakathi. Oqokiwe wayengafuni enkingeni enkulu futhi wayazi ukuthi wagqoka "kokudubula" isikhundla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi semfundiso yenkolo uphuthelwe ongowokuzalwa Little eRussia, lapho wayenabangane abaningi nabasekeli. Kodwa waphika phambi kwenkosi, yebo, ayikwazanga, Ngakho-ke, ngokuzithoba ngavuma ukufundelwa.

Impi yokulwa esontweni

Izinguquko ayenganelisekile nge konke. Muscovites ngokuthi Jaworski cherkasov oblivantsem. UMphathi eJerusalema Dositheus wabhalela Russian Tsar, ukuthi akufanele ukukhuthaza abomdabu lwaphezulu Little Russia. UPetru akazange akhokhe iyiphi ukunakekela lezi zixwayiso. Nokho Dosifej wathola incwadi okuxolisa, lapho umbhali ngokwakhe ayengeke Stefan Jaworski. Itshe Eliyigugu wawucacile. Le nzalamizi Akazange ababheke njengezinto Kievan "Orthodox ngempela" ngenxa ubudlelwano bayo osekukade kuhlanganwe namaKatolika futhi amaJesuit. Phendula Dosifeya Stefan kwakungelona nokubuyisana. umlandeli wakhe Chrysanthos kuphela ebucayini ne tenens locum.

Inkinga yokuqala ngalo Stefan Yavorsky kwadingeka abhekane ngendlela entsha, kwaba umbuzo Amakholwa Old. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-abasezinhlanganweni babendlala amapheshana e Moscow, lapho inhloko-dolobha Russian wabizwa ngokuthi iBabiloni, futhi uPetru - Umphik'ukristu. Umgqugquzeli walo mcimbi isibe knigopisets abavelele Gregory Talitskii. Metropolitan Stefan Jaworski (uMnyango Ryazan wahlala ngaphansi kwakhe), azama ukukholisa yezinxushunxushu owenze lokho. Le ngxabano kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi ngisho banyathelisa incwadi yakhe siqu, elalinikezelwe izimpawu ngokuza Umphik'ukristu. Umsebenzi udalula isiphambeko schismatics nokwenza izinto kwabo umbono othembekile.

Stefan Yavorsky okubhekenwe

Ngaphezu Amakholwa emidala amacala zezihlubuki, tenens locum kwaba abagunyaziwe ukunquma ababezobhapathizwa aphoyintimenti dioceses singenamuntu. uhlu wakhe base bahlola futhi wavumelana yinkosi. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye ukumamukela umuntu akhethwe ithole elisezingeni Metropolitan. Peter wadala ezilinganisweni ezimbalwa kakhulu yanciphisa tenens locum. Okokuqala, kwaba yokwahlukaniselwa lombhishobhi - umhlangano sababhishobhi. Abaningi babo abazange emaphaphethi Yavorsky, kanti ezinye zaziba abaphikisi bakhe oqondile. Ngakho-ke, le ndoda kwakudingeka isikhathi ngasinye ukuvikela ngombono wakhe e ukukulungisa evulekile nezinye iziKhulu isonto. Eqinisweni locum tenens kwaba kuphela eyokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo, ngakho uhulumeni wakhe akakwazanga ukuya yimuphi ziqhathaniswa amandla efanayo Lezinzalamizi.

Okwesibili, uPetru ngandisa ithonya Monastery Bureau, inhloko owakubeka wohlanga olukhulu bakhe abathembekile Ivan Musin-Pushkin. Le ndoda isebangeni njengoba umsizi nomngane locum tenens, kodwa kwezinye izimo, lapho inkosi yayicabanga kunesidingo, waba aphakeme oqondile.

Okwesithathu, e 1711 ababekade Boyar Duma wagcina ziyoncibilika wavela endaweni yayo iSigele Ebusayo. izimiso zakhe iSonto akhiwa inkosi. It kwakuyilungelo iSigele ukunquma ukuthi candidacy of indlela ehlongozwayo yi tenens locum, endaweni umbhishobhi. UPetru, owavuma ngokwethukela ukudonseleka inqubomgomo angaphandle kanye nokwakhiwa Petersburg, unikezé ukuphathwa besonto manje umshini Umbuso angenele kuphela njengesixazululo sokugcina.

Ikesi Lutheran Tveritinova

Ngo-1714 lapho kungamanyala eye ezinwetshiwe kwalasha nhlangothi zombili eyayiminingi ababusi bezwe Stefan Yavorsky. Izithombe engazange abe khona, kodwa ngisho ngaphandle kwabo, izazi-mlando zanamuhla baye bakwazi ukubuyisela isithombe komnikazi isiJalimane, ikakhulukazi elikhulu ngaphansi uPetru I. ke wahlala angaphandle abathengisi, nabakhandi, izivakashi ikakhulukazi ezivela eJalimane. Bonke babethenga amaLuthela noma amaProthestani. Lokhu izazi Western yaqala ukusakaza naphakathi kwabakhileyo Orthodox eMoscow.

umsekeli walokhu Ikakhulukazi asebenzayo of yamaLuthela baba udokotela abathanda ifilosofi Tveritinov. Stefan Jaworski, kabani ukuphenduka phambi kwebandla kwaba eminyakeni eminingi edlule, wakhumbula ayichitha eduze amaKatolika amaJesuit. Zagxilisa a locum tenens ukungathandi amaProthestani. Ryazan Metropolitan waqala ukushushiswa amaLuthela. Tveritinov wabalekela Petersburg, lapho athola khona abavikela nomvikeli iSigele phakathi ababeshisekela Yavorsky. esinqumweni wakhishwa, owawuthi tenens locum kwaba ukuthethelela yezihlubuki kusolwa. Inhloko yebandla, ngokuvamile ebucayini nohulumeni, kulokhu wayengafuni ukuba bavume. Wafuna ukusekelwa ngqo inkosi. UPetru akazange uthanda yonke indaba yokushushiswa amaLuthela. ukungqubuzana lokuqala sina Kwagqashuka phakathi kwakhe Yavorsky.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, tenens locum isinqumo ukuveza ukugxekwa kwabo amaProtestani Orthodox ukubukwa endabeni ehlukile. Ngakho, ngokushesha wabhala incwadi yakhe edume kunazo zonke "Itshe esithile sokholo." Stefan Yavorsky kulo msebenzi wahola ntshumayelo evamile mayelana Kubalulekile ukulondoloza izisekelo ezindala olandelanayo leSonto Lobu-Orthodox. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wasebenzisa mpendulo owawuvamile ngaleso sikhathi kumaKatolika. Incwadi wagcwala kwenqatshwa kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni, lapho ke wanqoba eJalimane. Lezi imibono futhi wathuthukisa komnikazi amaProthestani-German.

Ingxabano kanye nenkosi

Indaba LamaLuthela Tveritinov baba insimbi ezingemnandi, okuwuphawu ubuhlobo neSonto noMbuso, wathatha isikhundla okuphambene ku amaProthestani. Nokho, ingxabano phakathi kwabo kwaba ijule ngokungaphezulu kanye kuphela wandisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Yena lwajula indzaba lapho kushicilelwa "Stone Sokholo". Stefan Yavorsky ngale ncwadi wayezama ukuvikela isikhundla sabo olandelanayo. Iziphathimandla ziye zathi yanyatheliswa.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uPetru wasusa inhloko-dolobha wezwe Petersburg. Kancane kancane wathuthela khona zonke izikhulu. Locum Tenens Metropolitan of Ryazan kanye Stefan Yavorsky wasala eMoscow. Ngo 1718, inkosi yamyala ukuya Petersburg ukuqala ukusebenza kuleli dolobha elisha. Lokhu kwabangela ukunganeliseki uStefanu. Inkosi ubuthaphuthaphu ukuphikisa kwakhe futhi abazange bazilahle. Khona-ke wasikisela isidingo IBhodi Elingokomoya.

ukutholakala kwakhe yephrojekthi eyalwa ukuba ukuklama Feofan Prokopovich - Umfundi ubudala Stefana Yavorskogo. Locum Tenens akazange avumelane imibono yakhe prolyuteranskimi. Futhi ngo 1718, Peter okuqaliswe kwamagama Bishop Theophan Pskov. Waqale yathola amandla kwangempela. Wazama melanani Stefan Yavorsky. Ukuphenduka nokukhwabanisa ku tenens locum zaba isihloko senkulumo futhi amahemuhemu, asakazwa kokubili izihloko. Ngokumelene naye Kwamiswa izikhulu eziningi enethonya abenze umsebenzi uPetru nababe abasekeli Yiqiniso ekulaleleni esontweni wombuso. Ngakho-ke, Metropolitan of Ryazan wazama ukungcolisa idumela izindlela ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ekhumbula uxhumano bakhe ukuba kuhlanganwe namaKatolika phakathi izifundo zabo ePoland.

Indima ecaleni Tsarevich Alexei

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uPeter kwadingeka ukuxazulula okunye ukungqubuzana - ngalesi sikhathi umndeni. ngendodana nendlalifa yakhe, u-Alexei akazange avumelane inqubomgomo kayise, ekugcineni, wabalekela Austria. Wayelethwa waphindela kwelakubo. Ngo-May 1718, Peter ngaphambilini Stefan Yavorsky ukuza Petersburg ukumela ibandla ecaleni kwesikhulu edlubulundayo.

Kwake kwathiwa tenens locum besho nokusho Alexei ngisho wayelokhu exhumana naye. Nokho, abukho ubufakazi obubhalwe lokhu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyaziwa ukuthi isikhulu ayikuthandi Inqubomgomo ibandla elisha kayise, futhi kwadingeka abasekeli abaningi phakathi kwabefundisi bama-olandelanayo eMoscow. Ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala, Metropolitan of Ryazan ubezama ukuvikela laba bapristi. Abaningi babo kanye isikhulu wamangalelwa ngokuba imbuka futhi abulawe. Stefan Yavorsky izinqumo uPetru wayengakwazi. Locum Tenens ngumnikazi inkonzo yokungcwaba Alexei engaqondakali eshonile isigwebo sakhe cell ngobusuku bangaphambi kokubulawa.

Ngemva kokudala esiGungwini

Eminyakeni embalwa Sasenza izifundo Bill ukusungulwa kweBhodi Elingokomoya. Ngenxa yalokho, yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi uMbuso Ongcwele Ebusayo esiGungwini. Ngo-January 1721 Peter usayine Manifesto ku ukusungulwa Bagunyaziwe for kokulawula kwesonto. Amalungu elisanda kuqokwa we the esiGungwini abangu ngokuxhamazela ufungiswe, futhi ngo-February, ukuqala ukusungulwa umsebenzi unomphela. I Sabefundisi sahoxiswa ngokusemthethweni washiya esikhathini esidlule.

Ngokusemthethweni uPetru ekuqaleni kwazo esiGungwini of Stefan Yavorsky. Yena wayephikisa isikhungo esisha, bakubheka njengobuthakathaka esontweni umngcwabi. Akazange waba emihlanganweni esiGungwini, futhi abenqaba ukusayina leso iphepha esikhishwe walo mzimba. Ngo inkonzo isimo Russian Stefan Yavorsky ebona ngokwakhe namandla ahlukene kakhulu. Kodwa uPetru waqhubeka kuye phezu izikhundla ubuso kuphela khombisa phambili isikhungo esisemthethweni umbhishobhi omkhulu, mestoblyustitelstva futhi esiGungwini.

Esikhathini imibuthano ephakeme baqhubeka besakaza okulahla, okuyinto ubeka Stefan Yavorsky. Lokukhwabanisa ukwakhiwa Isigodlo Nijinsky nezinye amaqhinga abonakele isibaluli Metropolitan of Ryazan ngezilimi okubi. Waqala ukuphila esimweni ukucindezeleka eziqhubekayo sibe nomthelela omkhulu kakhulu impilo. Stefan Jaworski washona ngoDisemba 8, 1722 eMoscow. Wayeyinkosi iminyaka engu-nesibongo tenens locum we wezinzalamizi Sobukhosi emlandweni Russian. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe waqala amabili eminyaka kwesikhathi synodal lapho isimo useyifezile ingxenye yayo kwenchubokuphatsa isonto.

Isiphetho "Stone Sokholo"

Ngokuthakazelisayo, incwadi "Stone Sokholo" (Umbhali ikhanda yomsebenzi locum tenens) yakhishwa ngo-1728, lapho yena noPetru ababengabalabo kakade ethuneni. Umsebenzi, ukugxeka EsengamaProthestani, waziphatha ngokuhlakanipha okungavamile. uhlelo lwaso lokuqala yasheshe badayise. Kamuva, le ncwadi iye kabusha kambalwa. Lapho, phakathi nokubusa Anna Ivanovna emandleni kwadingeka eziningi izintandokazi, isiJalimane iLuthela, "Stone Sokholo" kwaphinde uvinjelwe.

Umsebenzi akuyona kuphela ezibucayi amaProtestani, kodwa, okubaluleke kakhulu, yikona okungcono ngaleso sikhathi, i-setfulo esihleliwe Ukholo Orthodox. Stefan Jaworski wagcizelela lezo zindawo lapho engafani yamaLuthela. I indatshana lanikezelwa maqondana izinsalela, imifanekiso, futhi isakramente uKwamukelisa, isiko engcwele, ngokumelene yezihlubuki, nokunye. D. Lapho ekugcineni leli qembu Orthodox anqoba ngaphansi Elizabeth, "Stone Sokholo" waba zenkolo umsebenzi ezinkulu iSonto Russian futhi waqhubeka kulo lonke ikhulu XVIII .