Iyini intuthuko: izinto kanye namafomu. Izibonelo zentuthuko

Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezindaba eziphilayo luyakwazi ukushintsha, futhi lungabonakala kokubili, futhi lungalungile. Esimweni sesibili, le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-regression noma i-degradation, futhi ibonakala ukuwohloka kancane kancane esimweni sento ethile noma into ethile. Isimo esivamile, esibonakala njengokuthuthukiswa kwento ethile noma umuntu, kungabizwa ngokuthi intuthuko noma intuthuko. Izinqubo ezichaziwe ngenhla endaweni yonke, njengombuso, nazo zibizwa ngokuthi i-involution nokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Kwezinye izimo ezithile, bangase babe nencazelo ehlukile. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuqiniswa kwezakhi - ngomuntu inqubo enjalo izoba nohlangothi olubi. Kulesi sihloko, sifunda ukuthi yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa nokuthi yikuphi iqhaza elikudlala ekuhlotsheni kwezinto ezihlukahlukene zokuphila.

Ulwazi jikelele

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukuthuthukiswa kuyinkqubo ye-immanent eyenzeka ngenxa yezinguquko ezithile. Kungabonakala ngokukhulisa ubunzima besistimu ethile, ukuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwemvelo, intuthuko yezenhlalakahle, ukukhula komnotho nokuthuthukisa isakhiwo salo, kanye nokwanda kwesilinganiso sezinto. Esimweni ngasinye, le nqubo yenza indima yonke - ukufezwa komphumela omusha. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi intuthuko enjalo yonke, ngoba zonke izici zayo zinamacici athile, okuyinto futhi, enqunywa isiqondiso, isikhathi esithembele ngaso, ushintsho olulinganisako nolungaguquguquki.

Inqubo yentuthuko eziphilayo

Usosayensi wemvelo uJ. B Lamarck wasebenzisa umqondo wokuthuthukiswa ukuchaza inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kulo, inqubo yokwandisa inhlangano yezinto eziphilayo iyingxenye yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Ngamanye amazwi, kungashiwo ukuthi, ngokuvumelana nemibono yososayensi waseFrance, imvelo yavela ngokuguqula amafomu alula zibe yinkimbinkimbi. Iyini intuthuko nokuthi ihlobene kanjani nomsuka womuntu ichazwe emibhalweni kaCharles Darwin omkhulu wemvelo nomhambi. Isimiso sale nqubo yisisekelo somqondo wakhe wokuziphendukela kwezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo esicacile esiqinisekisa lo mbono singasebenza njengombono wokuthi umuntu ubonakale ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa ngokomzimba nangokomoya kwezilwane eziphakeme.

Izinguquko ezifanele nezakhi zomnotho

Ngaphambilini, sithole ukuthi yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa okuvamile, futhi manje sizoyeka ezinhlobonhlobo zalo njengentuthuko yezomnotho. Lena isethi ebaluleke kakhulu yezinqubo ezahlukene, ezithinta izinga nekhwalithi yokuphila, ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi, imfundo kanye namasiko, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi. Kuyini ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, okwakunqunywa nguJ. Schumpeter ngo-1911. Wanyathelisa incwadi ethi The Theory of Economic Development. Yagcizelela umehluko phakathi kokuthuthukiswa nokukhula komnotho, futhi okuyinhloko yezinhlobonhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zahlonishwa futhi zahlukaniswa.

Ukuziphendulela nokuguqulwa

Amabili amaphethini afana kakhulu nenqubo efana nentuthuko. Ake sizame ukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe. Ukuzivocavoca - ukwehlukana kwezakhiwo kanye nezici emaqenjini athile ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo enqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Isibonelo, njengomphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo (ama-evolution) wamafomu we-flagellate wama-unicellular, ama-algae kanye nezifungumane zenzekile.

Ukuguquka kungumqondo ophambene ngokuphelele. Kusho inqubo yokuguqulwa (ukufana) kokuphila okuphilayo. Isibonelo singaba njengezilwane ezinjengezinyosi zensimbi kanye nendawo yokudlala yaseNingizimu Melika. Ekuqaleni, izilwane zazingumndeni ofanayo, ngoba zazifana kakhulu. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ucwaningo lwesayensi luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukufana kwabo okungokoqobo kuwumphumela wokuthuthukiswa okuguquguqukayo futhi ngenxa yokudla okufanayo: i-termites nezintuthwane, okusho ukuthi lezi ziphilayo eziphilayo, nakuba zikhona endaweni efanayo, zikwazi ukulingana Umndeni.

Intuthuko Yezenhlalakahle

Emisebenzini yesayense ye-O. Kant umuntu angathola "I-Course of Philosophy Positive", eyaletha umlobi udumo olukhulu. Kulo msebenzi, isazi sefilosofi saseFrance sichaza uMthetho wezinyathelo ezintathu zokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo kwesintu. Isigaba ngasinye sibonakala isikhathi esithile (okokuqala - kusukela emakhulwini eminyaka kuya ku-1300, okwesibili - 1300-1800, yesithathu-yekhulu le-19). Esikhathini ngasinye isikhathi, isintu sidlula ngezigaba ezithile zentuthuko: ezemfundiso yenkolo, izibalo kanye nesayensi, ngokulandelana.

U-Kant ubheka i-O neyokuqala i-O. ukuthi ibe yinkathi yemicikilisho nemibono yamanga, kodwa emva kokutadisha ngokucophelela isinyathelo sokugcina, umuntu angakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo: "Kuyini ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu (ezenhlalakahle)?" Phakathi nalesi sigaba, umphakathi uhlela kabusha, ufuna ukugcina, nokucabangela, nokwenza izinto ezintsha eziqhubekayo. Kuzo zonke izigaba ezichazwe ngenhla, isintu sathuthuka. Kuphela ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho nolwazi olutholakali, manje unethuba lokuhlala ezweni eliphucukile. Kuyini ukuthuthukiswa komuntu? Kuyinto evumelana nokuphila, isifiso sokuvula ama-horizons amasha, ukuqonda amakhono amasha ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila. Kuzo zonke izikhathi zabantu bahlakulela kokubili ngokomoya nangokwenyama, futhi ukumiswa kwalolu hlelo kungabangela ukunciphisa inani labantu, indlala kanye nokubhujiswa.