Iyini i-alveolus. I-alveoli yama-Lung

Ama-anatomical formations, okuzoxoxwa kulolu phepha, ziyingxenye yezinhlelo ezimbili zomzimba womuntu: ukuphefumula nokugaya ukudla. Ngaphandle izimbobo noma amangqamuzana ahlukene, ahlukene ngendlela ehlukene yakhe futhi enza imisebenzi ehlukene. Ngenqubo ye-embryogenesis, ama-embryonic amabili akhula - i-endoderm ne-mesoderm. Lezi yi-alveoli yabantu. Iqukethe amathisipuni e-airy kanye nama-indentation emathanjeni omhlathi ophezulu nangaphansi. Sizokwazi lezi zakhiwo ngokuningiliziwe.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle sezingxenye zamakhemikhali zamaphaphu

Amapayipi omuntu angamalungu ahlangene athatha cishe yonke indawo yesifuba futhi ahlinzeke oksijini emangqamuzaneni omzimba futhi asuse ukwedlulela kwe-carbon dioxide namanzi. Ukushintshaniswa kwegesi okuqhubekayo kungenzeka ngenxa yesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele samathambo wamaphaphu, ahlanganisa inqwaba yezinhlobo ezincane ze-saccular. Ukubonakala kwezindonga ze-parenchyma yezitho zokuphefumula, kufana nezinyosi zezinyosi ze-bee - yilokho okushiwo yi-alveolus. Ngesakhiwo esiseduze, ixhunywe nge-septum ye-interalveolar ehlanganisa izingqimba ezimbili ze-epithelial eziqukethe amaseli afane nesipiliyoni. Phakathi kwabo kukhona izingxube ze-collagen kanye nezicubu ezibonakalayo, izidakamizwa ezihlukahlukene kanye nama-capillari. Zonke izakhiwo ezibalwe ngenhla zibizwa nge-interstitium. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi inethiwekhi yemithwalo yegazi emaphashini yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke futhi ihlanganiswe emzimbeni womuntu. Lokhu kuchazwa ukuthi ngosizo lwabo e-alveoli emaphashini, ukuthuthwa kwe-carbon dioxide ukusuka egazini elingenayo igazi kuya emgodini we-alveolar futhi kuhlinzekwa umoya we-oxygen kuwo.

Isivinini se-Aerogematic

Ingxenye yomoya etholakalayo ngesikhathi sokungena kwe-invection ingena ku-alveoli yamapayipi, eqoqwe, njengezigcawu zamagilebhisi, kwizibhubhu ezinama-thinnest, ama-bronchioles. Ukusuka egazini legazi bahlukaniswa isakhiwo sezinto ezintathu, u-0.1-1.5 ubukhulu obukhulu, okuthiwa i-air-barrier barrier. Ihlanganisa izingqimba kanye ne-cytoplasm yezici ze-alveolar, izingxenye ze-endothelium nokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-liquid. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi i-alveolus iyini nokuthi yimuphi umsebenzi wayo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukusabalalisa kwegazi emaphashini akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezifana ne-interalveolar septa, i-air-barrier barrier, ne-interstitium, equkethe i-fibroblasts, i-macrophages ne-leukocyte. Umsebenzi obalulekile wenziwa ngamacrophages alveolar aphakathi kwe-septa yama-alveolar naseduze kwama-capillari. Lapha baphula izinto eziyingozi nezinhlayiya ezifaka amaphaphu ngesikhathi sokuphefumulelwa. Ama-Macrophages nawo angawasebenzisa ama-erythrocyte ama-phagocytize abanjwe ama-alveolar vesicles uma kwenzeka ukuthi umuntu atholakale enesifo senhliziyo esiboshwe yizimpawu ze-blood stagnation emaphashini.

Indlela yokuphefumula kwangaphandle

Amaseli omzimba anikezwa umoya-mpilo futhi akhishwa ku-carbon dioxide ngenxa yegazi elidlulayo kwinethiwekhi ye-capillary ye-alveoli. I-oksijeni ne-carbon dioxide, ekhishwa ku-carbonate acid kanye nosawoti wayo nge-enzyme carbonic anhydrase, ngokuqhubekayo ihamba nge-air-barrier barrier in directions ehlukile. Kusemangqamuzana egazi obomvu. Isilinganiso sokusabalalisa singagwetshwa ngezibalo ezilandelayo: cishe ama-alveoli angaba ngu-300 million okwenza izicubu ze-pulmonary zakha cishe u-140 m ^{2 we} -exchange exchange surface futhi zinikeze inqubo yokuphefumula kwangaphandle. Amaqiniso angenhla achaza ukuthi yiliphi i-alveolus nokuthi iyiphi indima edlala ngayo ekuziphatheni komzimba wethu. Empeleni, yiyona nto esemqoka enikeza inqubo yokuphefumula.

Isakhiwo sakhe sengqondo se-alveoli

Ngemva kokucabangela ukuthambo kwamangqamuzana amathishu emaphaphu, ake sihlale ngokuphila kwazo ezihlukahlukene. I-alveoli iqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili zezinto ezibizwa ngamaseli we-I no-II uhlobo. Owokuqala - isakhiwo esicaba, esivumelanisa izicucu zothuli, umusi kanye nosizi oluphefumulayo. Umsebenzi obalulekile kubo uwenziwa yi-pinocytosis vesicles egcwaliswe nge-substrate yamaphrotheni. Banciphisa ukungezwani kwe-alveoli nokuvimbela ukubola kwabo ngesikhathi sokuphumula. Esinye isici sezingqamuzana ze-I yizakhiwo zokuvala ezisebenza njengesihluthulelo futhi ungavumeli umthamo we-intercellular ungene emgodleni we-alveoli ogcwele emoyeni. Amaqembu ohlobo lwama-cell oval oval aphethe i-cytoplasm efana ne-foam. Zitholakala ezindongeni ze-alveolar, ezikwazi ukusebenzisa i-mitosis esebenzayo, futhi lokhu kubangela ukuvuselelwa nokukhula kwezici zamathishu emaphaphu.

Alveola kumazinyo omzimba

Ukujula emhlathini, lapho izimpande zamazinyo zitholakala - yilokho okushiwo yi-alveolus. Udonga lwayo lwakhiwa yizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezibukeka njengeplate. Iqukethe ama-osteocytes, kanye nama-salts e-calcium, i-phosphorus, i-zinc kanye ne-fluorine, ngakho-ke iqinile futhi iqine. Ipuleti inamathele emigodini yemisipha yomhlathi futhi inezintambo ze-periodontal ngendlela yama-collagen fibers. Futhi, ihlinzekwa ngokweqile ngegazi futhi iboshwe ngokuphelelwa kwezinzwa. Emva kokukhipha kwinozinyo, udonga oluqine kakhulu lwengxenyana yangaphandle yesikhwama nesifuba se-septum lihlala. Uphulukisa ama-alveoli amazinyo ezinyangeni ezingu-3-5 ngokuqala ukwakha izicubu ze-granulation, kulandelwa i-osteoid bese kuthi izicubu zethambo ezivuthiwe zomhlathi.