Iyiphi ingxabano e-biology: incazelo yomqondo, isakhiwo nemisebenzi

Ama-spores of organic life are amangqamuzana amangalisayo. Emhlabeni, ingaba sezingeni eliphansi kakhulu noma eliphakeme kakhulu, ukucindezela okukhulu kanye nemisebe yomsakazo. Kubonakala ukuthi izinhlamvu zisendaweni yangaphandle, zihamba endaweni yonke. Iyiphi ingxabano ku-biology? Iyini imfihlo yale maseli?

I-Spore: Incazelo ku-Biology

NgesiGreki, leli gama lisho "ukuhlwanyela". Kodwa ukuba khona kwala maseli kungumlingisi hhayi kuphela kwezitshalo. Iyiphi impikiswano? E-biology, kukhona umqondo ocacile: lawa angamaseli okukhiqizwa kwe-asexual. Ngosizo lwabo, inqubo yokuzikhiqiza yona yenziwa ngamabhaktheriya - izinto eziphilayo ezingenayo i-nucleus.

Amakhowe nawo angakwazi ukwakheka kwe-spore. Wonke umuntu wabona indlela isinkwa, esiyisikhathi eside esikhwameni sepulasitiki, siqala ukumbozwa ngengubo emhlophe - isikhunta siqala ukuthuthukisa kuso. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuhlasela kuqala ukuthola umbala ompunga noma obomvu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-fungus isivele yakha izinhlamvu futhi iqala ukwanda. Futhi nasi esinye isibonelo. Ekamelweni elinyene, isikhunta isikhunta sivame ukuhlala ezindongeni eziqala "ukuqhakaza." Ukuqeda isikhunta kunzima, ngoba i-fungus ingadlulisa izinhlamvu ngamamitha ambalwa kude.

Isakhiwo

Ngakho sazi ukuthi iyiphi impikiswano. E-biology, zonke izinto eziphilayo zibhekwa njengombono wokubambisana kwesakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi eyenziwa. Amaseli okukhiqizwa kwe-asexual ahlukahlukeneko: elliptical, oval, round. Njengoba ziphikisana nesenzo sezinto ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, ama-surface devices azohlelwa ngendlela ekhethekile. Iqukethe ama-shells amabili, isikhala esiphakathi kwezinto ezigcwele izinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-protein ane-carbohydrate. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvikelwa emathonyeni amashini, amanye ama-spores ezindaweni zawo anezinhlelo ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi "abaqinile".

Okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi kwamaseli we- asexual reproduction amelelwa yi-cytoplasm - i-middle semiliquid medium. Kukhona ama-chromosomes kanye nama-apparatus weprotheni synthesis.

Izinhlanzi zezitshalo

Ngosizo lwamaseli anjalo izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zingakwazi ukukhiqiza.

Izitshalo ze-Spore - lokhu kuyisibonelo sokukhiqiza izitshalo zokuqala nezokuqala. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko i-algae. Isibonelo, i-chlamydomonas ye-unicellular ifaka ama-zoospores - amangqamuzana eselula. Ngenxa yalokho, izidalwa eziningana ezifanayo zivela kumuntu oyedwa.

Abantu bokuqala emhlabeni, izitshalo eziphakeme ze-spore, nazo ziyakwazi ukukhishwa kwe-sporulation. Imisipha, amakhowe, ama-horsetails kanye nama-ferns akhe izitho ezikhethekile zokukhiqizwa kwe-asexual - i-sporangia. Iqukethe amaseli wokukhiqiza asexual. Izitshalo ezinamalungu anjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-sporophytes. E-moss-like sporangia imelwa yi-pedicle ebhokisini. Lapho sesivuthiwe, i-capsule ivula, amangqamuzana angena emhlabathini. Ngaphambi kwamanzi, zihluma esizukulwaneni sobulili - i-gametophyte, e-mosses imelwe yi-"carpet" ehlaza okwesibhakabhaka eluhlaza. Ngokungafani, isimo sinabo bonke abamele izitshalo ze-spore, wonke umuntu asetshenziselwa ukubona njenge-gametophyte - isitshalo esiluhlaza. Lezi zitshalo zinezinqubo zokushintsha ezinye izizukulwane zobulili nezixhasi.

Ama-spores amabhaktheriya

I-spore ye-bacteria ayiyona iseli kuphela lapho umzimba uqhubeka khona. Lapho kwenzeka ubunzima, amabhaktheriya kufanele azivikele ukuze angabhubhi. Iphenduka ingxabano lapho inani lokuswakama liyehla kakhulu, izinga lokuqina kwazo zonke izinqubo zomsebenzi obalulekile liyehla. Uma izimo zishintsha kangcono, impikiswano ilahle igobolondo, kusuka kuyo ifika ibhethri enamandla ngokuphelele. Kungaphetha ngokuthi amabhaktheriya sporulation akuyona indlela yokukhiqiza, kepha ithuba lokusinda.

Iyiphi ingxabano e-biology iye yaziwa isikhathi eside. Kusukela ukubonakala kwezinto eziphilayo zokuqala, kwaba ngosizo lala maseli ukuthi inqubo yokukhiqiza yenzeke. Ngokungangabazeki, izingxabano aziqinisekisi ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo, ngenxa yalokho ukubonakala kwezici ezintsha eziwusizo kuba nzima. Nokho, ikhophi ngqo nokulondolozwa kwazo zonke izakhiwo zomzimba kuqinisekiswe yizinhlamvu.