Indawo yokuhlala ngezimbongolo. Izinhlamvu zezimbongolo

Kuphelele, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 zalezi zidalwa. Kodwa esikoleni bafunda eyodwa yazo kuphela. Kuye ngezici zabo eziphilayo, bangaphila ezimweni ezahlukene. Umhlabathi, amanzi ahlanzekile nolwandle - lena yindawo yokuhlala. Futhi kukhona abamele abakhethekile, okuholela endleleni yokuphila enamandla.

Izici ezijwayelekile

Lezi yizilwane ezingavunyelwe. Umzimba oyinhloko ugcwele uketshezi. Bangakwazi ukunyakaza okusebenzayo. Ukudla kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo mahhala yi-bacteria, algae kanye ne-unicellular. Bona, nabo badla inhlanzi enhlanzi, ama-crustaceans amancane.

Esikhathini esivame ukubhekwa njengabameleli bezinhlobo ze-parasitic, njenge-pinworms kanye ne-ascarids. Bayakwazi ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwenkosi yabo, indima yabo idlalwe izilwane ngisho nabantu. Kubantu, kuholela ekutheni kube nenhlalakahle yezinhlalakahle, kanti izinyoni, izinhlanzi nezinambuzane ngezinye izikhathi zibhekana nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo zomuntu ngamunye ziphazamisa isikhunta nezitshalo.

Isakhiwo

Ukwakhiwa kwezimbongolo zithinta ukutholakala komzimba womzimba wokugubha noma we-spindle. I-cuticle iyayifaka kusuka ngaphandle. Isigxobo esiyinhloko sitholakala ngaphansi kwesigxobo sesikhumba.

Ukudla kokudla kungomlomo emqaleni. Ukusuka lapha uya emgodini wokugaya, oqukethe amathumbu angaphakathi, aphakathi nendawo asemuva. Iphela ngokuvula okuvuliwe. Izigulane zesikhumba eziguquliwe ziyingxenye yesistimu ye-excretory.

Lezi zidalwa ziyi-dioecious. Abanalo izinhlelo ezifana nezinhlelo zokuphefumula nokujikeleza.

Amandla omhlaba ngokuvumelana nokuvumelana nezimo zemvelo angachazwa ngokuba khona kwendlala yangaphandle enesisindo (i-cuticle).

Indawo yokuhlala yezimbongolo kwezinye izimo kuhlanganisa umsila. Bangakwazi ukungena ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo: iziqu, izimpande, izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye namaqabunga.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwezidalwa kuvulekile.

Umehluko kwezinye izinhlobo

Ukwakhiwa kwezimbungu zezinyosi kuyahlukahluka kwezinye izici ze-anatomical zabalingani bazo. Esigabeni esiphambene sibonakala, ukuthi umzimba unesimo sombuthano. It is symmetrical and elongated. Isikhwama sesikhumba sesikhumba sisebenzela njengelolu hlobo lwodonga. I-Cuticle, ekhonjelwe ngaphandle, isebenza njenge-skeleton.

Izindlela eziguquguqukayo zezibungu ezinamaphilisi yilezi zingqimba aziwa phansi ngaphansi kwethonya lejusi lokugaya lomphathi. Akesabi namacala amaningi okuhlasela kwamakhemikhali.

Okulandelayo yi-hypodermis. Lesi sikhumba sine-protoplasm. Ngaphansi kwalo kukhona imisipha ye-longitudinal. Bahlukaniswa uhlobo lwezinhlamvu.

Amaseli omzimba ahlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili:

• Ukunciphisa;
• I-plasma.

Abameli bama-roundworms banevalo lokuvula umlomo elitholakala engxenyeni yangaphakathi yomzimba. Ayikho ibhande le-epithelium kulo. Ngaphandle kwezitho zangaphakathi, kuneziqu zamanzi. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, kungase kube nezakhiwo ezinobuthi. Umfutho ophezulu owenziwe yiwo uhlinzeka ukwesekwa okuthembekile kwesikhwama semisipha. Kubalulekile futhi ngokwemigomo ye-metabolism.

Izimpawu ze-roundworm zihlanganisa izici eziningi ezibalulekile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izitho ze-hematopoiesis nokuphefumula kulezi zidalwa azikho. Ukushintshaniswa kwe-air kwenziwa ngezingxenye zangaphandle. Amafomu e-parasitic angenza ngaphandle kwe-oxygen nhlobo.

Ukukhiqiza

Ezimweni eziningi, abameleli bama-roundworms yizinto eziphilayo eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, inzalo yabo ihlukaniswa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo. Kwabantu ngabanye, okuthiwa i- dimorphism yezocansi isici, okungukuthi, abesilisa ababukeka njengabesifazane ngokubukeka.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenziwa ngokungaqondile. Isiteji esibuhlungu sinzeka. Ukushintsha kommpi akudingeki. Uhlobo lokungeniswa - ngaphakathi.

Izitho zeSense nesistimu yezinzwa

Uhlelo Lokukhathazeka

Ibonisa uhlobo lwesitebhisi. Kubizwa ngokuthi "i-orthogon". Isondo elikhethekile lezinzwa lizungezile i-pharynx. Kunezinhlanzi ezingu-6 zemisipha ezihamba phambili nangemva. Phakathi kwabo, okuthuthukisiwe kunazo zonke kuyi-dorsal kanye ne-ventral. Baxhunywe nge-jumpers.

Izitho zeSense

Ngaphambi kokuba izitho zokuthinta kanye nezinzwa zamakhemikhali, okungukuthi, izibungu zikwazi ukuthola iphunga. Amehlo efomeni lawo elidala kakhulu asekhona kubamele abakhululekile.

Kunezigaba eziningana, kodwa eziningi kakhulu yi-nematodes. Uma ingane yakho ifika ebangeni lesi-7, izimbongolo ezizungezayo zizofundiswa kuye ohlelweni lwezinto eziphilayo. Abameli bendabuko, abacatshangwa esikoleni:

• Ascarids;
• Izimpungushe.

Ascaris. Izimpawu

Uhlobo lokuqala lwezibungu luholela empilweni ye-parasitic futhi luhlala emathunjini amancane. I-Helminth ifinyelela ubude obungamamitha angu-40. Insikazi iyakwazi ukuhlehlisa amaqanda angaphezu kuka-200 000 ngosuku. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabo ngaphandle kwe-oksijini akunakwenzeka. Zifakwe amagobolondo ezivikelayo, ezisezinhlakeni eziningana. Ngaphakathi kukhona izibungu. Ukusebenza kwabo ngezinye izikhathi kugcinwa kuze kufike eminyakeni eyi-10.

Uma kukhona ukungcola ngokwanele, ukukhulelwa kwenzeka, okungukuthi, ukutheleleka. Kulesi simo, amaqanda angena emlonyeni womlomo kusukela emifinini engavundiwe nezithelo, kanye nezandla. Konke lokhu kuboniswe kusihloko esithi "biology". Izimpethu ezizungezile azidingi ushintsho lwamaSomandla ukuthuthukiswa.

Ngemva kokungena emathunjini, izimpungushe ziphuma iqanda. Bahamba kalula ngokusebenzisa i-membrane emangcwabeni futhi bangene egazini. Emva kwalokho bawela enhliziyweni futhi baqhubeke emaphashini. Kusuka lapha badlula ku-bronchi ne-trachea. Kule nkathi, umuntu ukhahlela.

Ukuhamba kwezimpungushe kungadlulela ezinsukwini ezingu-12. Konke lokhu bakhula futhi bashintshe igobolondo izikhathi eziningana. Ngemva kokungena kabusha emathunjini amancane, baqhubeka bekhula izinyanga ezintathu. Ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi, i-helminths iba abantu abadala. Ngamunye wabo uhlala cishe unyaka owodwa.

Lezi zinhlobo ze-roundworms ziyingozi ngoba zibangelwa ubuthi emzimbeni. Ukuphuza ngokweqile kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ezinobuthi, okuwumphumela womsebenzi obalulekile wezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kokungena ezingxenyeni nasemithanjeni ye-ascarid, kubangele ukulimala komshini kubo.

I-Pinworm. Izici ze-worm nxazonke

Omunye ummeleli wekilasi yi-oyster. Ngokujwayelekile uhlala emathunjini amakhulu. Efaniswa ngobukhulu obukhulu. Amantombazane akhulu kunamadoda futhi afinyelela ku-12 mm. Ukutheleleka kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo nangokwenkolo nge-ascarid.

Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuhlasela asikwazi ukuhlanzeka. Uma ugeza izandla zakho kabi ngemva kokuvakashela indlu yangasese, lezi zinhlobo zemigodi ehamba phambili zingangena kalula emzimbeni wakho. Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kuthathwe ngenkathi uhlala ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Uma amaqanda e-pinworm awela ngaphansi kweminwe, angangena emlonyeni kalula. Emva kwamahora angu-6, izibungu zizovela kubo. Ngesinye isikhathi emathunjini amancane, azohambisa ezigabeni zayo zokugcina. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-14, ama-parasites azophindwa. Umuntu ngamunye uhlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Kodwa uma kwenzeka ukuthi ukuzithiba okuphindaphindiwe kwenzeka, lesi sifo singabambezeleka. Ngesinye isikhathi izimpukane nezinkamba ziphethe amaqanda ase-helminth.

Ukubaluleka kokuphila komuntu kanye nemvelo ngokujwayelekile

Uhlobo alumele hhayi kuphela yizidumbu, kodwa futhi nezilwane ezidliwayo. Izimila yindawo yokuhlala yezimbongolo ezilandelayo:

• Anyanisi;
• Beet;
• Isikolo;
• Amazambane.

Ama-parasites anethonya elicindezelayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Ngenxa yalokho, isivuno sabo sinciphise kakhulu.

Phakathi kwalezi zidalwa ungathola i-detritophages. Umthombo wokudla kubo yizinsalela zemvelo, humus. Izimpethu ezinjalo zibandakanya ngqo ekwakheni inhlabathi.

I-nematodes ivelaphi?

Ukuthola akuyona kunzima njengoba kubonakala. Uma ngokuzumayo uzithola emaphandleni, iya emfuleni oseduze noma echibini. Naka isihlabathi esisogwini. Lezi zidalwa zivame ukutholakala kuwo. Kubuye kunengqondo ukubheka ukukhula kwezihlahla nezinyoka ezindala. Lona futhi indawo yokuhlala yezimbongolo.

Ezinye zezilwane zihlala ku-algae. Ngakho, zingatholakala cishe yonke indawo. Ngamunye wabo unomthombo wayo wamandla. Naphezu kwalokhu, akudingeki balambile. Omunye ugoba esihlabathini futhi efuna amabhaktheriya, abanye baxosha ama-juice avela ezitshalweni.

Ehlathini, futhi, phila izibungu ezijikelezayo. Ukuze uzithole, kufanele ufike lapha esimweni sezulu. Uma ufisa, ungamane uthathe ucezu lwe-moss noma i-lichen bese ulifaka emanzini. Ngokuqinisekile uzothola abamele lolu hlobo kulo.

Kodwa basinda kanjani uma kungekho umswakama okwanele emhlabathini noma ezitshalweni? Bafika ekusizeni ukuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ngokushesha nje lapho ama-moss elala, ama-nematodes agijimela ku-anabiosis. Ngesikhathi esifanayo bahlala bephila. Isimo esinjalo siyadingeka ukuze ulinde ngempumelelo izikhathi ezihamba phambili. Okufanayo kungashiwo ngama-parasites ekulindeni kwenkosi entsha. Bazoqala ukubonisa umsebenzi kuphela uma izimo zamukelekile empilweni.