I-chlorine: Ukufaniswa kwezakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba

Emvelweni chlorine itholakala isimo gaseous kuphela ngesimo compounds namanye amagesi. Ezimweni eduze evamile, it is a enobuthi igesi ezonakalisayo umbala ogqamile. It ithwala zinesisindo kakhudlwana kunezinye emoyeni. It has a iphunga elimnandi. chlorine-molecule yakhiwa athomu amabili. In the state quiescent akabi, kodwa ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu obandakanya ne-hydrogen, okwathi ngemva kwalokho nengozi yokuqhuma. Ngenxa yalokho, igesi ikhishwe phosgene. enobuthi kakhulu. Ngakho, ngisho at lokuhlala ongaphakeme emoyeni (0,001 mg ngayinye 1 DM ³⁾ kungabangela ukufa. kuyoba Isici eyinhloko nonmetal chlorine uthi ukuthi kusinda kunakho emoyeni futhi kungakho njalo eduze phansi ngesimo lalithe ngci yinkungu eliluhlaza ngokuphuzi.

amaqiniso angokomlando

Ngokokuqala ngqá e umkhuba lokhu okubalulekile etholwe ngo-1774 K. Shelee g. Ngokuhlanganisa hydrochloric acid pyrolusite. Nokho, kuphela 1810 P. Davy wakwazi njani chlorine ne ukusungula ukuthi ehlukile chemical isici.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-1772, Dzhozef Pristli ngakwazi ukuthola isitifiketi sokuba hydrogen chloride - Nokho chlorine kwakwakhe ne-hydrogen, ukuhlukanisa lezi zinto ezimbili usokhemisi bahluleka.

kwebalingisi Chemical chlorine

Chloro - chemical isici core iqembu VII we lwezakhi iqembu. It agcinwe esikhathini lwesithathu, futhi ine isethi yemiphumela 17 (17 proton nucleus). I nonmetal esisheshayo. izinhlamvu ezikhonjiswe Cl.

Kuyinto omele ejwayelekile ka halogens. Lokhu igesi, ngaphandle umbala, kodwa has a ebukhali, iphunga okunoshukela. Ngokuvamile anobuthi. Zonke halogens is kahle buhlanjululwe ngamanzi. Lapho ukuxhumana umoya onomswakama uqale ukubhema.

I yangaphandle electron ukucushwa 3s2Zr5 Cl athomu. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-zezakhi of the chemical isici ziphephile amazinga namachibi kukhona -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6 futhi +7. Irediyasi covalent kuyi-athomu ye 0,96Å, engaba ionic Cl- 1.83 Å, athomu electron ziyezwana ka 3,65 ev, 12,87 ev ka ionization ezingeni.

Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, chlorine kuyinto nonmetal sasivumela asebenzayo evumela kudalwa compounds cishe zonke izinsimbi (kwezinye izimo ngokusebenzisa ukushisa noma umswakama displacing bromo) kanye nonmetals. Ngesimo oluyimpuphu ke usabela kuphela ezisansimbi ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu.

Umkhawulo omlilo lokushisa - 2250 ° C. Njengoba umoya-mpilo uyakwazi ukwakha oxides, hypochlorites, chlorites futhi chlorates. Zonke compounds equkethe oksijini, kukhona eziqhumayo nokuxhumana izinto oxidizable. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-chlorine oxides ungakwazi ezinqumela qhumisa ngenkathi chlorates qhumisa kuphela lapho zihlatshwa iyiphi ezintweni.

Isici chlorine endaweni ohlelweni gqwa:

• izidakamizwa elula;
• nesikhombisa iqembu elementi ishadi lesikhathi;
• ethemini lomzila wesithathu;
• iqembu lwesikhombisa iqembu main;
• Umbukiso Wesithombe Sokusakaza 17;
• lisho uphawu Cl;
• esisheshayo nonmetal;
• iqembu Halogen;
• ezimweni eduze evamile, kuba igesi enobuthi umbala esiluhlaza nge iphunga okunoshukela;
• i-molecule chlorine athomu has 2 (ifomula Cl _2).

Izakhiwo-chlorine:

• ukuvala abacaphuni: -34,04 ° C;
• Melting iphuzu: -101,5 ° C;
• kwabantu esimweni gaseous - 3, 214 g / l;
• kwabantu chlorine okusamanzi (inkathi abilayo) - 1,537 g / cm ^3;
• kwabantu chlorine okuqinile - 1.9 g / cm ^3;
• umthamo othize - 1,745 x 10 ^-3 L / g.

Chlorine: isici lokushisa izinguquko

In the state gaseous unekhono kuncibilike kalula. At ingcindezi 8 eziphindwe kanye lokushisa 20 ° C kubonakala njengoba uketshezi umbala ogqamile ephuzi. It has a izakhiwo eliphezulu kakhulu insimbi. Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, lesi sici kumakhemikhali kungase silondoloze isimo ketshezi kuze kube izinga lokushisa ezibucayi (143 ° C), yanikeza ukwanda ingcindezi.

Uma selehlile lokushisa -32 ° C, lishintsha yayo isimo ngokomzimba ukuze uketshezi kungakhathaliseki umfutho womoya. On okwengeziwe ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa crystallization kwenzeka (i-eksponenti -101 ° C).

Chlorine ngokwemvelo

I uqweqwe chlorine emhlabeni iqukethe% 0,017 kuphela. Kwenqwaba ungaphakathi amagesi ezintaba-mlilo. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, impahla has a umsebenzi mkhulu zamakhemikhali, ukuze ngokwemvelo kwenzeka nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali. Kulokhu sebuningini namaminerali chlorine. isici isici evumela kumiswa namaminerali ezahlukene zibe yikhulu. Ngokuvamile, lokhu metal chloride.

Futhi, semali asezilwandle - cishe 2%. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi chloride ukukhuthalele chaza futhi basakaza ngosizo imifula nolwandle. Inqubo reverse. Chlorine wageza emuva ogwini, bese umoya ithwala kuye ngokusebenzisa komakhelwane. Yingakho emakamu eliphakeme ebonwe ezindaweni ezisogwini. Ezindaweni ezinesomiso emhlabeni kwakhiwa phambi kwethu gas by ukuhwamuka kwamanzi, lapho avele nosawoti. Minyaka yonke emhlabeni ukhiqiza cishe izigidi ezingu-100 amathani ketshezi. Nokho, lokho akusona isimanga, ngoba kukhona amasimu eziningi chlorine. Nokho, sobuntu bakhe, ixhomeke ngokunembile indawo yayo ezindawo.

Izindlela ngokukhiqiza chlorine

Namuhla kukhona izindlela eziningana ngokukhiqiza chlorine, ezivame kakhulu zazo yilezi ezilandelayo:

1. diaphragm. Kuyinto elula futhi kancane ebizayo. I brine endaweni electrolysis diaphragm engena isikhala anode. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phezu cathode steel anezikhala agelezela beso. Iqukethe esincane imicu polymeric. Isici esibalulekile salo le divayisi sokufudumeza. It is iqondiswe kusukela gumbi anode kuya cathode, okuvumela ahlukene ukuthola nokucubungula chloro Liquors.

2. ulwelwesi. Kakhulu eyongayo, kodwa inhlangano slozhnoosuschestvim. Ngokufana diaphragm. Umehluko wukuthi anode futhi cathode isikhala abahlukene ngokuphelele ulwelwesi. Ngenxa yalokho, imiphumela okukhipha ekusakazeni ezimbili ezihlukene.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwebalingisi of the chemical. isici (chlorine) etholwe yalezi zindlela zizohluka. Okuningi 'okuhlanzekile' ubhekwa indlela ulwelwesi.

3. Indlela mercury nge cathode ketshezi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe, le ndlela ikuvumela ukwamukela chlorine okumsulwa kakhulu.

Umdwebo wokuhlelwa kwendikimba ukufakwa siqukethe esitokisini futha oxhumene kanye decomposer ziyinhlanganisela. Njengoba cathode akhishwa ngesixazululo futha mercury usawoti kanye anode - carbon noma graphite electrode. Isimiso yokumiswa simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: i-electrolyte ukhululeka chlorine ukuthi akhishwe esitokisini anolyte. Kusukela okuphothula yokugcina sisuswa futhi chlorine izinsalela donasyschayut halite futhi babuyela le-electrolysis.

Izidingo wezokuPhepha ukukhiqizwa ezingenanzuzo kwaholela esikhundleni okuqinile cathode ketshezi.

Ukusetshenziswa chlorine izicelo zezimboni

chlorine asebenzayo izakhiwo avumele ukusetshenziswa kwayo umkhakha. Nge lesi sici chemical ukuthola ezahlukene organochlorine compounds (vinyl chloride, chloro-irabha, njll), Izidakamizwa, izibulali-magciwane. Kodwa niche enkulu matasa embonini kukhiqizwe hydrochloric acid nomcako.

Kabanzi izindlela zokuhlanzwa amanzi okuphuza. Kuze kube manje, uzama ukuya kude le ndlela, esikhundleni salo kube nokuthile ozonation, ngoba sisuke sicabanga ketshezi inomphumela omubi emzimbeni womuntu, amanzi futhi kampompi ukuxova umuthi wokugoma ebhubhisa amapayipi. Sibangelwa iqiniso lokuthi isimo khulula Cl nethonya elilimazayo amapayipi wenza kusukela polyolefins. Noma kunjalo, amazwe amaningi makudle indlela chlorination.

Futhi, chlorine isetshenziswa yokusansimbi. Ngalo, ukuthola eziningi izinsimbi ezingavamile (niobium, tantalum, titanium). Esikhathini umkhakha chemical ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa ezahlukene organochlorine compounds yokulwa ukhula nezinye izinjongo zezolimo, kanye isici isetshenziswa njengophawu bleach.

Ngenxa isakhiwo yawo yamakhemikhali chloro ebhubhisa udayi kakhulu eziphilayo kanye wezinto ezingaphili. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa amakhorali egcwele. Lo mphumela kungenzeka kuphela uma khona amanzi, ngoba inqubo amakhorali kungenxa umoya-mpilo-athomu, kwakhiwa emva ekonakaleni chlorine okuyinto: Cl ₂ + H ₂ O → HCl + HClO → 2HCl + O. Le ndlela ithole isicelo eminyaka ambalwa edlule futhi iyathandwa futhi lolu suku.

A ukusetshenziswa athandwa kakhulu yalolu ketshezi ukuze organochlorine zinambuzane. Le mikhiqizo yezolimo ukubulala ayingozi, kusale izitshalo njengoba yayinjalo. Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi chlorine Imininingwane akhiqizwa emhlabeni uya ukuze asetshenziselwe ezolimo.

Iphinde isetshenziselwe enkulu ekwakhekeni compounds injoloba kanye plastic. Ngosizo lwabo, wenza wire ukwahlukanisa, izinto zokubhala, hardware, izinto zasendlini igobolondo, nokunye. D. Kukhona umbono ukuthi rubbers etholwe ngale ndlela, ukulinyazwa abantu, kodwa hhayi kuqinisekiswa isayensi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-chlorine (ndaba isici wakusho ngokuningiliziwe ngaphambili) nemikhiqizo yalo ezifana lwesinaphi igesi futhi phosgene, lisetshenziswe izicelo ezempi zamakhemikhali impi ejenti.

Chlorine njengoba emelele eliqhakazile non-izinsimbi

Nonmetals - izinto ezilula, okuhlanganisa amagesi futhi uketshezi. Ezimweni eziningi, baqhuba ugesi sibi kakhulu kunalokho okuboniswa izinsimbi kanye ukungezwani okukhulu ubunjalo bomzimba kanye lokukhanda. Nge okusezingeni eliphezulu ionization ezingeni uyakwazi ukwakha covalent chemical kwakwakhe. Le ncazelo elandelayo isibonelo chlorine nonmetal uzonikezwa.

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, lesi sici chemical yigesi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, kuba ngokuphelele izakhiwo ngingekho ezifanayo nalezo izinsimbi. Ngaphandle kosizo zangaphandle bangase bangasabeli ngendlela yomoya-mpilo engasetshenziswa, i-nitrogen, carbon nabanye. Umbukiso zayo oxidizing izakhiwo ukuxhumana nge izinto elula ethile eziyinkimbinkimbi. It libhekisela halogens, okuyinto ngokucacile yawo yamakhemikhali izici. Zezakhi nalo lonke halogens (uxhumano lokudlulisa, astatine, iodine), displaces kubo. I-chlorine gaseous (sobuntu bakhe - ubufakazi ngqo) is kahle kakhulu ziyoncibilika. Kuyinto magciwane kakhulu. Kuphela obulala izinto eziphilayo, okwenza kube esisemqoka kwezolimo kanye imithi.

Sebenzisa njengenda ushevu

Isici chlorine athomu evumela ukusebenzisa kwayo njengoba ejenti anobuthi. Negesi yaqale esetshenziswa eJalimane, 04/22/1915, ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ngenxa yokufa lezingalo eziyizinkulungwane 15. Ndoda. Okwamanje, njengoba ushevu asisebenzi.

Asiphumele incazelo emfushane yesici chemical njenge-ejenti kokuziklinya. Kuthinta umzimba womuntu ngokusebenzisa yokungawutholi umoya. Ukunikeza lokuqala engenhla umgudu ukucasulwa ubala futhi ukuluma kwamehlo. Luqala ngokunikela ukhwehlela neziqubu Ukuphelelwa. Ngokulandelayo, engena phakathi emaphashini, igesi buqeda nezicubu wamaphaphu, eliphumela edema. Okubalulekile! Chlorine kuyinto ikhemikhali okusheshayo.

Kuye lokuhlushwa emoyeni, izimpawu zingase zishintshe. Ngezinye lokuhlala aphansi e abantu ububomvu ka nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, kufushane omnene umoya. Okuqukethwe emkhathini 1.5-2 g / m ³ kubangela kobukhulu esivusiwe esifubeni, ubuhlungu obuhlabayo e yomoya engenhla. Futhi, kungenzeka isimo sihambisane lacrimation eqinile. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-10-15 egumbini nge lokuhlushwa enjalo chlorine kwenzeka eqinile omlilo amaphaphu ukufa. Lapho lokuhlala luthe ukuqina yokufa zingakapheli imizuzu kusukela ukukhubazeka elingenhla ipheshana zokuphefumula.

Lapho asebenta nalelicembu izidakamizwa Kunconywa ukuba asebenzise izingubo ezivikelayo, buso, amagilavu.

Chlorine emphilweni eziphilayo futhi izitshalo

Chlorine iyingxenye eziphilayo cishe yonke ophilayo. Isici ukuthi kungenzeka khona ifomu okumsulwa futhi ngesimo compounds.

Ngo isilwane nezinto eziphilayo womuntu chlorine ion inakekelwa ukulingana osmotic. Sibangelwa yokuthi banayo uhla efaneleka kakhulu yokwenza Ukungena ulwelwesi cell. Kanye potassium ion Cl ulawula amanzi nosawoti ibhalansi. Emathunjini, athomu chlorine ukudala indawo evumayo isenzo enzyme proteolytic we juice esiswini. Iziteshi chloride tinikwe amaseli amaningi emzimbeni. Ngokusebenzisa uketshezi yabo intercellular kwenzeka futhi pH zigcinwe amaseli. Mayelana 85% umthamo isamba lesi sici emzimbeni kuyinto esikhaleni intercellular. Excreted yi urethra. It ikhiqizwa umzimba yesifazane inqubo ibele.

Kulesi sigaba kwentuthuko oyingqayizivele kunzima ukusho ngokuthe ngqó ukuthi isifo kuphakamisa chlorine ne compounds yayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabi ucwaningo kule ndawo.

Futhi, ion chlorine zikhona plant cells. Ubizwa bahileleke amandla umzimba. Ngaphandle lesi sici yenqubo ye-photosynthesis akunakwenzeka. Baqala-ke ukuba ngenkuthalo amunca izinto ezidingekayo. Nokho, abaningi abasuka esikhulu chlorine ezitshalweni uyakwazi ezikhandla nethonya deleterious (ingasheshi inqubo ye-photosynthesis, ayeke ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokukhula).

Nokho, kukhona abamele flora ukuthi bakwazi ukuba 'sizakhele ubungane', noma okungenani uthole kanye lento. Isici nonmetal (chlorine) iqukethe iphuzu ezifana ikhono into ukuze oxidize nenhlabathi. Ngo ukuvela izitshalo eshiwo ngenhla, ngokuthi halophytes, usawoti emaxhaphozini matasa ezingenalutho, okwakukhona ezingenalutho ngenxa overabundance kwalesi sakhi. Ziba chlorine ion, bese ukususa kubo ngezinceku leaf ukuwa.

Ezokuthutha kanye isitoreji chlorine

Kunezindlela eziningana ukuhambisa kanye nokugcina chlorine. Isici isici kudinga ekhethekile ephezulu ingcindezi amasilinda. iziqukathi ezinjalo ukuhlonza mshini - umuda ojame rwe oluhlaza. amathangi yanyanga zonke kumele kahle sihlanza. kwakhiwa isitoreji isikhathi eside chlorine therein kwenze is okuyinto kakhulu kuqhume - nitrogen trichloride. Ukwehluleka ukubona zonke ukuphepha obusa kungenzeka ukuthungela okuvele ukuqhuma.

Isifundo chlorine

bamakhemikhali Ikusasa chlorine kumelwe kwaziwe isici. Ngaphansi kohlelo, 9-ibanga Ungabeka ngisho ucwaningo laboratory kanye yalolu ketshezi ngesisekelo ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nale ndaba. Yiqiniso, uthisha ubophekile ukuba ukuqhuba ukuqeqeshwa ukuphepha.

Inqubo esebenza ngendlela elandelayo: Kumelwe uthathe umfuma futhi uthele chlorine kuwo swarf. Uma indiza, ama-chips lizofiliza ukukhanya izinhlansi egqamile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kulula intuthu emhlophe SbCl _3. Lapho bacwiliswa esitsheni chlorine tin ukulishafisa liphinde self-kokhela, kodwa phansi umfuma kancane ukwehlisa eqhwa umlilo. Ngalesi ukuphendula uketshezi Smoky - SnCl _4. Lapho obeka imvuthuluka yensimbi esitsheni kwakhiwa ebomvu "lehla" futhi uzovela obomvu intuthu FeCl _3.

Kanye umsebenti lowentiwako iyaphindwa theory. Ikakhulukazi, umbuzo ezifana chlorine sici isikhundla ohlelweni gqwa (esichazwe ekuqaleni).

Ngenxa yalokho zokuhlolwa, kubonakala sengathi iyaphendula isici organic compounds. Uma ubeka embizeni chlorine uhala ofakwe turpentine ngaphambili, khona manjalo luvutha, futhi umfuma ngokucijile imihlambi umule. Ngokuphumelelayo yefilakisi umlilo sodium aphuzi, futhi izindonga glassware avele usawoti zinhlayiya. Abafundi ngeke ukujabulele ukufunda ukuthi, kuyilapho wemithi abasha, NN Semenov (kamuva kaNobel), nokunjalo, kuqoqwa izindonga umfuma, nosawoti, abafafazwe isinkwa sakhe wasidla. Chemistry ukuthi kulungile futhi akabamukisanga nososayensi. Ngenxa isipiliyoni chemical waphenduka ngempela abavamile ithebula usawoti!