Izakhi zamakhemikhali iqanjwe ososayensi. Umsuka amagama izakhi zamakhemikhali

Chemistry - isayensi enomlando omude. Ekuthuthukisweni yayo ziye zaba nomthelela ososayensi abaningi abadumile. Bheka kukhombisa impumelelo zabo etafuleni izakhi zamakhemikhali, lapho khona into ogama lakhe behlonipha yabo. Kuyini futhi uyini umlando ukubukeka kwabo? Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe.

einsteinium

Qala uhlu izakhi zamakhemikhali yaqanjwa ososayensi omiyo nomunye futhi elalidume kunawo wonke. Einstein waba eyayenziwe kukhiqizwa futhi ogama lakhe behlonipha izazi sesayensi yemvelo enkulu kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Into inombolo athomu 99, akanalo isotopes ozinzile futhi transuranic libhekisela, aphume okwavulela lwesikhombisa. Ithimba lakhe lezazi zesayensi likhombe Ghiorso ngo-December 1952. Thola einsteinium kungenzeka othulini, okuyinto uhlala ngenxa yokuqhuma iArmagedoni. Ngokokuqala ngqá ukusebenza ke Kwakuseshwa ku Kushisa bhé kule ndawo Laboratory, eYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, sabe Argonne futhi Los Alamos. Ingxenye-ukuphila isotopes izinsuku ezingamashumi amabili, okwenza Einstein izakhi enemisebe esiyingozi kakhulu. Ukutadisha kunzima ngempela ngenxa yokuthi kwakunzima ukuthola ngaphandle kwesibeletho. Ngo metal nge simo esishubile okusezingeni eliphezulu ke ingatholakala ukusabela ikhemikhali lithium, zinhlayiya etholwe iyokwehluka ubuso igxile isakhiwo cubic. Ngo isixazululo aqueous, element inika umbala oluhlaza.

ngesinye isibukezo

History of the ukutholakala samakhemikhali nezinqubo eziphathelene akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokukhuluma imisebenzi kulo mndeni. UMariya Sklodovskaya futhi Per Kyuri waba neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi emhlabeni. Umsebenzi wabo njengoba umsunguli yesayensi ye-radioactivity ibonisa isici okuthiwa ngokulandelana. Ngesinye isibukezo kungokwalabo umndeni ka actinides futhi linenani-athomu 96. isotopes kungekho esitebeleni selikhona. Ngokokuqala ngqá esazama 1944 amaMelika Seaborg oJakobe Ghiorso. Ezinye isotopes ka isibukezo kuhluke emangalisayo eside isigamu-nokuphila. Ku-enuzi ngokuhlakaza kungadalwa e amakhilogramu eziningi lapho zishiswe ngemisebe neutrons uranium noma plutonium. elementi isibukezo kuyinto metal esiliva nge lokuncibilika e eziyinkulungwane namakhulu amathathu namashumi amane degrees Celsius. Kusukela nezinye actinides, it is ahlukaniswe amasu ion exchange. A exotherm eqinile phakathi kwamazinyo enemisebe evumela ukusebenzisa kwayo womshini compact imithombo obujwayelekile zamanje. Okunye izakhi zamakhemikhali yaqanjwa ososayensi abavame akudingeki isicelo ngokwanele langempela esisebenzayo, ngesinye isibukezo abangaba ukudala i-generator, uyakwazi ukusebenza ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.

mendelevium

Akunakwenzeka ukukhohlwa ngomdali yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali ngezigaba uhlelo. Mendeleev wayengomunye walaba ososayensi enkulu yesikhathi esidlule. Ngakho-ke, umlando kokutholakala izakhi zamakhemikhali kubonakala hhayi kuphela kuthebula yayo, kodwa futhi amagama behlonipha yakhe. Ingqikithi etholwe ngo-1955 ososayensi American Harvey, Ghiorso, Choppinom, Thompson futhi Seaborg. elementi Mendelevium kungokwalabo umndeni ka actinides futhi linenani-athomu 101. Kuyinto enemisebe futhi kwenzeka ngesikhathi i-imeyli engahlonziwe ezihilela Einstein. Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi izilingo lokuqala ososayensi American waphumelela ukuthola mendelevium nesikhombisa athomu, kodwa ngisho naleli nani ngokwanele ukunquma impahla yayo nokubekwa ishadi lesikhathi.

nobelium

Ukuvulwa samakhemikhali ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngenxa izinqubo yokufakelwa egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Lokhu kusebenza KaNobel, okwakubekelwa engeyokuqala eyakhishwa ngo-1957 yiqembu ososayensi kusukela Stockholm, ngubani ezihlongozwayo ukuqamba yokudumisa umsunguli kwesisekelo imiklomelo yesayensi ngamazwe. Ngesikhathi inombolo yama-athomu ye-elementi 102, lingelikaJehova ozala actinides. idatha okunokwethenjelwa mayelana isotopes ka nobelium ziye etholwe abacwaningi e sixties kweSoviet Union, owawungumnyaka inhloko yalawa Flerov. Ukuze U-nucleus zamagama, Pu futhi Am ion abangu zishiswe ngemisebe O, N, Ne. Ngenxa isotopes nge mass izinombolo etholwe babevela 250 260, eziningi zazo kwaba isici isikhathi eside ne nengxenye-ukuphila ezweni ingxenye yehora ubude. nobelium simo esishubile chloride efana naleyo yabanye actinides, njengoba imiphumela etholwe ucwaningo ezindaweni zokucwaninga.

lwemvelo

elementi Chemical womndeni actinides nge Umbukiso Wesithombe Sokusakaza 103, njengezinye eziningi naleti etholwe eyayenziwe. isotopes Esitebeleni ka Lawrence khona. Ngokokuqala ngqá wakwazi synthesize ososayensi American, ephethwe Ghiorso, ngo-1961. Imiphumela zokuhlola ayikwazanga kwenzeke futhi, kodwa kwaba ekuqaleni igama element ekhethiwe ayiguquki. Ulwazi mayelana isotopes yayitholakala zesayensi Soviet Ukuhlala Ngokuhlanganyela Kwezindlu Zombili Institute for Nuclear Research e Dubna. Bafika kubo ezithela kakhulu ngokuzishisa ngemisebe ye americium yashesha-mpilo ion. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Lawrence nucleus likhipha radioactivity nohhafu-ukuphila imayelana kwesigamu somzuzu. Ngo-1969, ososayensi kusukela Dubna wakwazi ukuthola ezinye isotopes i-elementi. Physicists baseNyuvesi Berkeley ngikudalile entsha ngo-1971 izinombolo zabo mass zazisuka 257 kuya 260, futhi ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi lo IKhompyuthaYami esitebeleni kunazo ne nengxenye-ukuphila imizuzu emithathu ubude. izakhiwo Chemical ka lwemvelo zifane nalezo zamanye actinides esindayo - ke liye laqiniswa ucwaningo eziningana ngokwesayensi.

isibhaliso

Iklelisa adi- yaqanjwa ososayensi ubani okufanele nakanjani ngalo. Isibhaliso has a nenombolo ye-serial 104 futhi uba yingxenye yalelo qembu wesine kohlelo gqwa. elementi Okokuqala transuranic ukwakha iqembu ephethwe lososayensi kusukela Dubna ngo-1964. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-California carbon athomu bombardment nuclei. Isici entsha sekunqunyiwe ukuba iqanjwe usokhemisi uRutherford waseNew Zealand. Emvelweni, uRutherford ezitholakele. I IKhompyuthaYami waqopha wahlala has nengxenye-ukuphila imizuzwana engamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu ubude. Ngokoqobo kule elementi ishadi lesikhathi alikho.

Seaborg

Ukutholakala adi- isibe ingxenye enkulu physics umsebenzi Albert Ghiorso kusuka e-United States. Seaborgium kubo etholwe ngo 1974. Lokhu kuyingxenye enqala chemical kusukela iqembu wesithupha ishadi lesikhathi kokuba isibalo sama-athomu angu-106 futhi isisindo 263. Kwatholakala ngenxa ye bombardment umoya-mpilo-athomu omoya-californium nuclei. Inqubo Kwatholakala kuphela ama-athomu ezimbalwa, ngakho isifundo eningiliziwe izakhiwo element kwakunzima. Emvelweni, ngenqubo yokufakela metal seaborgium ingekho, ngakho-ke kuphela nesithakazelo kwesayensi.

Boriy

Iklelisa adi- yaqanjwa ososayensi, kuyafaneleka lokukhuluma ngalombono. Boriy libhekisela eqenjini lesikhombisa gqwa simiso Mendeleev. It inenombolo athomu 107 kanye isisindo 262. Isikhathi sokuqala kwaba ngo-1981 e-Germany, emzini Darmstadt. Ososayensi Armbrust futhi Munzenberg wanquma ukuqamba behlonipha Niels Bohr. Ukulungiselela isici livelile njengoba umphumela we-bismuth athomu bombardment chromium nuclei. Boriy libhekisela insimbi transuranic. kuphela ama-athomu ambalwa etholwe ekuhlolweni, okuyinto alanele balifundisise. Yikuphi engenakuqhathaniswa nemvelo, Boriy okubaluleke ngokukhethekile ngaphansi kohlaka isithakazelo yesayensi, ngendlela efanayo njengoba kushiwo ngenhla Rutherford, futhi wadala eyayenziwe egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.