Ulimi Literary - kungcono ... Umlando isiRashiya etemibhalo

ulimi Literary - ingenye okukhona kulotshiwe isizwe esithile esihlakazekile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingaphezu. Lokho, kulesi ulimi kukhona isikole, ngokubhala, ukuxhumana nomphakathi, ukudala i asemthethweni-ibhizinisi, imisebenzi yesayensi, eqanjiwe, journalism, kanye nazo zonke ezinye izenzo art, okuyinto ibonakala emazwini, ngokuvamile ezibhaliwe, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ngomlomo . Ngakho-ke ezahlukene ngomlomo-lolukhulunywako kanye nelulwimi lolubhalwako-book uhlobo ulimi etemibhalo. ukuxhumana yabo, kanye isilinganiso nesenzakalo angaphansi kwemithetho izindaba ezithile.

definition ezahlukene

ulimi Literary - into okuyinto ngendlela yalo siqondwa ososayensi ezahlukene. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kuyinto ezweni lonke, kuphela master kusetshenzwe kwamagama, okusho abalobi. Abasekeli balobu indlela babe bacabanga ngokuyinhloko umqondo kolimi tetemibhalo, ebhekisela esikhathini entsha, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo Nezizwe ngokucebile amelwe eqanjiwe. Kwabanye, ulimi etemibhalo - incwadi, umsebenzi obuqalene inkulumo bukhoma, okungukuthi olimini olukhulunywayo. Sekela lesi incazelo izilimi lapho lokubhala yinde. Kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi liyindawo ulimi emhlabeni abalulekile ukuze abantu ikakhulukazi, ngokungafani kuya wonke amagama anzima futhi zezigodi ukuthi ungenalo esibalulekile ezulwini nasemhlabeni ezinjalo. ulimi Literary - ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenxa ngokuhlanganyela okudala umsebenzi wabantu. Njalo is incazelo emfushane umqondo.

Ubudlelwano we yazo ehlukahlukene

Ngokukhethekile kufanele kukhokhelwe ukuxhumana kanye ukuhlanganisa ezilimi eziyimixhantela futhi ulimi etemibhalo. Izisekelo komlando yazo ehlukahlukene esitebeleni, ulimi etemibhalo nzima ukuhlanganisa enezilimi wonke amalungu isizwe. Kuze kube manje zezigodi ukuncintisana ngempumelelo obscheliteraturnogo ulimi emazweni amaningi, njenge-Indonesia, Italy.

Umqondo futhi ukusebenza izitayela yolimi ezikhona ngaphakathi kwemingcele yiluphi ulimi. Zimelele ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto baye basungula ngokomlando futhi lapho kukhona iqoqo izimfanelo. Ezinye zazo kungenzeka liphindwe kwezinye izitayela ezihlukahlukene, kodwa uhlobo umsebenzi kanye inhlanganisela ethile yezici ukuhlukanisa isitayela omunye nomunye. Namuhla, inani elikhulu abathwali ngokusebenzisa ifomu eyayivame kanye okuxoxa.

Umehluko kule ekuthuthukiseni ulimi wokubhala yezizwe ezahlukene

NgeNkathi Ephakathi futhi ezikhathini zanamuhla ezahlukene abantu umlando ulimi etemibhalo ithuthukiswe ngendlela ehlukile. Qhathanisa, ngokwesibonelo, indima okwakukhona zamasiko aseLatin e Latins German futhi ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, imisebenzi eyenziwa e-England, isiFulentshi ngaphambi kwekhulu le-14, nokuxhumana Latin, Czech, lesiPolish ngekhulu le-16, njll

Ukuthuthukiswa Izilimi zesiSlavic

Kulesi sikhathi lapho kwakhiwa futhi ithuthukiswe isizwe, kwakheka ubunye kwezinkambiso etemibhalo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuvamile kakhulu ekulotshweni lokuqala, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi leyo nqubo ingathatha indawo kanyekanye futhi zibhalwe futhi ngomlomo. I-Russian State 16-17 eminyaka kwakuyinkathi yokululama umsebenzi nokunxusa kanye streamlining iziqondiso ibhizinisi ulimi isimo kanye kumiswa izidingo iyunifomu olukhulunywa eMoscow. Inqubo efanayo kwenzeka kwamanye amazwe Slavic, lapho kukhona ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo kolimi etemibhalo. Ukuze Serbian futhi Bulgarian kunethemba elincane ezivamile, njengoba eSerbia Bulgaria kwakungelona kwesimo lesilungele ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi zokubhala futhi ulimi isimo nsuku kazwelonke. Russian kanye Polish nganxanye eCzech yisibonelo ulimi kazwelonke Slavic tetemibhalo, okuyinto waqhubeka exhumana enezinto zokubhala lasendulo.

Esaba ukwehlukana indlela eya lakudala ka ulimi kazwelonke - ingxenye Serbo-Croatian nesi-Ukraine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona Izilimi zesiSlavic, ezingathuthukisiwe ngokuqhubekayo. Ngezinye isigaba ethile yalokhu kuthuthukiswa ke kuphazamisekile, ngakho ukuvela izici ngokolimi kazwelonke emazweni athile kuye kwaholela ikhefu ne impela, esemdala isiko ebhaliwe noma kamuva - a Macedonian, izilimi Belarusian. Ake sihlole kabanzi umlando ulimi etemibhalo ezweni lethu.

Umlando isiRashiya etemibhalo

Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke izikhumbuzo etemibhalo eziye zalondolozwa, usuku emuva ekhulwini le-11. Inqubo ukuguqulwa kanye kumiswa isiRashiya 18-19 eminyaka iphutha ngesisekelo yayo aphikisanayo French - izicukuthwane ulimi. Ngo imisebenzi Russian izincwadi zabuna Kuye kakhulu wafunda izici zakhe, amafomu ulimi olusha kwangena. Abalobi kugcizelelwe ingcebo nempumelelo yakhe bakhomba izinzuzo maqondana izilimi zakwamanye amazwe. Kule ndaba, izingxabano ngokuvamile kuphakama. It is, eyaziwa isibonelo, ezinhlamvu kanye slavophiles phakathi baseNtshonalanga. Kamuva, ezikhathini aseSoviet, kwagcizelelwa ukuthi ngolimi lwethu - ulimi lwabakhi ubukhomanisi, njengoba ezinsukwini zokubusa kukaStalin ngisho ukubamba wonke umkhankaso wokulwa cosmopolitanism ezincwadini Russian. Futhi manje-ke uyaqhubeka ukuba balolonge umlando isiRashiya etemibhalo ezweni lethu, ngoba kwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo ushintsho.

Temdzabu

Temdzabu ngesimo amazwi, izaga, yezinganekwane, inganekwane okuzinze emlandweni ezikude. Amasampula temdzabu lidlule ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, kusukela izwi lomlomo, futhi okuqukethwe esihle silungisa kubo ukuze kuphela wahlala kakhulu inhlanganisela ozinzile futhi izinhlobo ulimi olusha njengoba amazinga olimi.

Futhi ngemva kokuba ukulotshwa, wayeqhubeka ephila leticocwako. Ukuze Izinganekwane ongumlimi ezikhathini zanamuhla ingezwe edolobheni kanye nomsebenzi, kanye namasela (ie entolongweni ekamu) futhi ibutho. Temdzabu namuhla emazweni amaningi amelwe amahlaya. Kuphinde kube nomthelela ekutheni ulimi etemibhalo ebhaliwe.

Njengoba-ke ithuthukiswe ulimi lwasendulo Rus etemibhalo?

Sokusabalalisa ukwethulwa lokubhala eRussia, okwaholela ekwakhekeni ulimi tetemibhalo, kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa amagama uCyril noMethodius.

Ngo Novgorod nakwamanye amadolobha ngokuhamba ubudala 11-15 babe amagxolo birch. Ingxenye esemqoka asele izincwadi yangasese ayengamadodana ubunjalo ibhizinisi, kanye imibhalo efana amarekhodi enkantolo, izikweletu ukudayiswa, amarisidi, ethanda. Kukhona futhi abantu (imiyalelo emnothweni, nezimfumbe, amahlaya esikoleni, iziza), ngematheksthi lasuselwa enhloko babuye zenkolo, kanye ukurekhoda, egqoka uhlamvu ukuqeqeshwa (ngokokudwebela zezingane kanye nemidwebo, izivivinyo esikoleni, emafektri, Morse).

Ibe ngonyaka 863 abafowethu uCyril noMethodius Isonto lwamaSlav zamagama wawusekelwe ulimi ezifana i-Old Church lwamaSlav, livelile ekuqa- le lwamaSlav aseNingizimu sigodzi, noma kunalokho, elivela olimini ubudala Bulgarian, ulimi lwesigodi yayo Macedonian. I umsebenzi wokubhala walaba bazalwane ngokuyinhloko elihunyushwe izincwadi Old and New Testament. abafundi babo lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu nesiGreki yahunyushelwa esiNgisini Isonto Old izincwadi eziningi zenkolo. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi Kirill mina Mefody owethulwa izinhlamvu Glagolitic futhi Cyrillic akuzona, kanti isixuku esikhulu lakhiwe ngokuhlanganyela abafundi babo.

isonto lwamaSlav

Ulimi incwadi, kunokuba olukhulunywa, kwaba iSonto. Zahlakazeka zahlala phakathi kwezizwe eziningi Slavic, okuyinto wayeba njengompristi ulimi ibandla isiko. Isonto lwamaSlav nezincwadi zokufunda ukusakaza eMoravia at lwamaSlav entshonalanga, eRomania, eBulgaria futhi Serbia - eseningizimu, eCzech Republic, Croatia, Wallachia, kanye eRussia, ne ukwamukelwa kobuKristu. Isonto lwamaSlav ulimi kwakuhluke kakhulu imibhalo olukhulunywa abangu ngaphansi ku ukuxhumana ushintsho kancane kancane Russified. Amagama besondela Russian waqala ukubonisa izimpawu sici izilimi zezigodi.

Eyokuqala lolimi izincwadi eyaqoqwa e 1596 Zinaniem Lawrence e 1619 - Meletios Smotritskaya. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17-ke wawusuphelile inqubo ukwakha ulimi ezifana iSonto.

Ngekhulu le-18 - izinguquko ulimi etemibhalo

MV Lomonosov ekhulwini le-18 benziwa izinguquko ebaluleke kakhulu ulimi kwezincwadi zezwe, kanye uhlelo of versification. Wabhala encwadini 1739 lapho yena washayelwa izimiso eziyisisekelo versification. Lomonosov, uphikisana Trediakovskij, wabhala ngesidingo ukubophela amandla ngolimi lwethu kunokuba ukuboleka nezinye izikimu ezahlukene. Ngokusho Mikhail Vasilyevich, ukubhala izinkondlo kungaba okulenyawo ezinengi: ezimbili nohlamvu (trochaic, iambic), ternary (amphibrach, anapaest, dactyl), kodwa wayekholelwa ukuthi ukwahlukana ngu Sponda futhi pyrrhics okungalungile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Lomonosov wayebuye lolimi yesayensi isiRashiya. Wachaza encwadini yakhe, amathuba akhe nengcebo. Uhlelo lolimi ukuthi zibhaliwe izikhathi 14 futhi wakha sisekelo Ngokuzayo kwenye umsebenzi - lolimi Autograph (ayebhalwe 1771), eyayithanda UMikhail Vasilyevich.

Yolimi lwanamuhla etemibhalo ezweni lethu

kumdlali uthi Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, omisebenzi yakhe - phezulu izincwadi ezweni lethu. Lokhu mqondo sisabenza, kodwa kule minyaka engamakhulu amabili ngolimi uye washintsha kakhulu, futhi namuhla kungabonakala okusobala wesitayela emkhatsini welulwimi owayephila futhi ulimi Pushkin. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imithetho yolimi lwanamuhla etemibhalo namuhla ishintshile, sisalokhu bakubheka njengodumo noma umkhiqizo imodeli ka-Alexander.

Imbongi yena Okwamanje bakhomba indima enkulu ekwakhekeni ulimi tetemibhalo, NM Karamzin, njengoba lokhu umbhali ekhazimulayo nesazi-mlando, ngokuvumelana Alexander, ebugqilini kwejoka olunye ulimi Russian waphinde inkululeko yakhe.