Izakhiwo hydrogen. Izakhiwo kanye nokusebenzisa i-hydrogen

Hydrogen H - elementi zamakhemikhali, omunye ezivamile endaweni yonke. mass hydrogen njengoba isici lichaza ekwakheni ndaba kuyinto 75% okuqukethwe ingqikithi athomu olunye uhlobo. Ungena uxhumano ibaluleke kakhulu futhi ibalulekile iplanethi - amanzi. Isici ehlukile hydrogen ubuye neqiniso lokuthi uwukwenziwa element yokuqala kuthebula zesikhathi izakhi zamakhemikhali D. I. Mendeleeva.

Ukutholwa nocwaningo

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala hydrogen emibhalweni Paracelsus bahlehlela emuva ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha. Kodwa kude kwaso ingxube gas zocwaningo emoyeni futhi izakhiwo oluvuthayo sewenziwe ososayensi ekhulwini lesikhombisa ULemaire. Hydrogen balitadishisise wemithi isiZulu kanye nososayensi physics uHenry Cavendish, okuyinto empirically wafakazela ukuthi nenqwaba hydrogen aphansi uma siqhathanisa nabanye amagesi. Ngo izigaba kamuva ukuthuthukisa isayensi, ososayensi abaningi basebenza naye, ezifana Lavoisier, ngubani walibiza ngokuthi "amanzi elakhiwe."

Isici phezu PSKHE isimo

I-elementi, kokuvula ishadi lesikhathi D. I. Mendeleeva - kuyinto hydrogen. Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali athomu abonise webumbacambili ezithile ngoba hydrogen kanyekanye uphakathi kwabantu abangenalo leli lokuqala, iqeqebana main, uma iziphatha njengoba nensimbi futhi unika electron esisodwa inqubo ukusabela zamakhemikhali lesikhombisa - esimweni wagcwalisa ngokuphelele Valence igobolondo, isb yokwamukela izinhlayiya engalunganga, njalo ephawula ke njengoba efana Halogen.

Izici isakhiwo electronic element

I izakhiwo le athomu ye-hydrogen izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze ngalo ifakiwe, futhi into okulula N ₂ ngokuyinhloko kunqunywa ukucushwa electronic hydrogen. I kuyizinhlayiyana ine-electron kanye Z = (-1), okuyinto uzungeza emzileni wawo uzungeze nucleus equkethe eyodwa proton ngongqimba iyunithi kanye icala omuhle (+1). ukumiswa electronic wayo 1s embhalweni ^1, okhombisa khona nezinhlayiya ongathandeki uqobo ngoba owokuqala kuphela hydrogen s-orbitals.

Lapho ngabodwa noma ukufinyela electron futhi i-athomu ye-elementi has impahla ukuthi sihlangana izinsimbi seka etholwe. Ngokuyisisekelo hydrogen ion - kuyinto omuhle kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi. Ngakho-ke, i-electron elingenalo hydrogen ngokuthi umane proton.

izakhiwo

Lapho echaza izakhiwo ngokomzimba we -hydrogen kafushane, kuba kungekho nto enemibala emihle, igesi kancane oncibilikayo ngongqimba isihlobo athomu 2, izikhathi 14.5 alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni, izinga lokushisa liquefaction ka -252,8 degrees Centigrade.

Ngo ukuhlola, ungakwazi kalula ubone ukuthi H ₂ iyona elula. Kwanele ukugcwalisa amabhola amathathu izinto ezihlukahlukene - hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ngokuvamile umoya - kanyekanye ukukhulula esandleni. Indlela esheshayo efinyelela emhlabeni, ligcwele CO ₂ ngemva amathonsi kushaywa umoya ingxube ehlanganisa H ₂ futhi bonke qansa phezulu ophahleni.

A isisindo amancane ngosayizi we izinhlayiya hydrogen bathethelele ikhono layo ukuze zingene ngokusebenzisa izinto ezihlukahlukene. On isibonelo ibhola efanayo kule lula izinsukwana ngemva kokuba deflates ngokwaso njengoba nje igesi siyodlula injoloba. Futhi, i-hydrogen kungaba buthelela isakhiwo izinsimbi ezithile (palladium noma-platinum), futhi lapho izinga lokushisa kuvuselwa shabalala kuwo.

Impahla hydrogen kancane asetshenziswe laboratory yayo ngabodwa indlela azixoshe amanzi. Izakhiwo hydrogen (ithebula ngezansi iqukethe nemingcele eziyisisekelo) ichaze nobukhulu bayo kwesicelo kanye nezindlela ukulungiselela.

I isotopic Ukwakheka

Njengezinye amalungu amaningi uhlelo ngezikhathi izakhi zamakhemikhali, hydrogen has isotopes eziningana zemvelo, isb ama-athomu ne inani elifanayo proton nucleus, kodwa izinombolo ezihlukene neutrons - izinhlayiya ngeqanda futhi iyunithi icala mass. Izibonelo zama-athomu kokuba impahla efanayo - nomoya-mpilo,, chlorine, uxhumano lokudlulisa nokunye okunjalo, kuhlanganise enemisebe.

Izakhiwo hydrogen ¹ H, ethé chithi saka iningi abameleli leli qembu zihluke ngokuphelele olimini labo izimfanelo abafo yayo. Ikakhulukazi, izici ezihlukahlukene izinto lapho basonta. Ngakho, kukhona amanzi avamile futhi deuterated equkethe ukubunjwa yayo esikhundleni athomu ye-hydrogen ne eyodwa kuphela-proton deuterium ² H - IKhompyuthaYami izinhlayiya ezimbili aphansi: omuhle futhi uncharged. Lokhu IKhompyuthaYami kuyizikhathi ezimbili ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho kokujwayelekile hydrogen, echaza umehluko eziyisisekelo eziseZwini sezindawo zezakhi okuyinto akha. Ubunjalo deuterium atholakala izikhathi 3200 abe imvelakancane kunegolide hydrogen. Omele Okwesithathu - tritium, ³ H, e-core it has proton kwababili nowesilisa oyedwa-neutron.

Izindlela wokulungiselela futhi ukuzihlalela

Laboratory nezindlela zezimboni lokuveza hydrogen awafani. Ngakho, nengcosana igesi kukhiqizwa ngokuyinhloko ukusabela ezihilela amaminerali ukukhiqizwa emikhulu of ziba mandla ekusebenziseni zamagama organic.

Okulandelayo zamakhemikhali ezisetshenziswa endaweni yokucwaninga:

1. Ukusabela of alikhali futhi ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi ngamanzi ukwakha alikhali futhi igesi oyifunayo.
2. I-electrolysis i isixazululo electrolyte aqueous ngesikhathi anode ikhishwe H ₂ ↑, kanye cathode - umoya-mpilo.
3. Noqhekeko hydrides ngezinto alikhali ngamanzi, alikhali futhi le mikhiqizo, ngokulandelana, H igesi ₂ ↑.
4. Benziwa alulaze acid ezisansimbi ukwakha usawoti H ₂ ↑.
5. Isenzo alikhali ku-silicon, aluminium ne-zinc nakho kunomthelela ukukhululwa hydrogen parallel ukwakha nosawoti eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngo igesi inzuzo yezimboni etholwe emasu lafana:

1. noqhekeko Thermal methane khona kulethe ukuze izinto zayo abamelwe aphansi (350 degrees ifinyelela ukubaluleka ipharamitha ezifana lokushisa) - hydrogen H ₂ ne-carbon C. ↑
2. Transmission ye umhwamuko ngokusebenzisa coke at 1000 ° C ukwakha carbon dioxide CO ₂ futhi H ₂ ↑ (indlela evame kakhulu).
3. Ukuguqulwa igesi i-methane ku ekwandeni nickel at okushisa afinyelela ku-degree angu-800.
4. Hydrogen eceleni ngesikhathi electrolysis izisombululo aqueous potassium chloride noma sodium.

ekusebenzisaneni Chemical: imithetho jikelele

Izakhiwo hydrogen kakhulu ukuchaza ukuziphatha yayo ephendula izinqubo nge kwakwakhe ikakhulukazi. Valency of hydrogen 1, njengoba itholakala ishadi lesikhathi eqenjini lokuqala, futhi liveza isimo ezahlukene namachibi. Kuzo zonke compounds, ngaphandle hydrides, i-hydrogen sd = (1+) e molecule uhlobo CNS, CN _2, CN ₃ - (1).

I-molecule ye hydrogen, kwakhiwa ngokunikeza generalized electron pair zenziwe ngama-athomu amabili futhi angabacwasi esitebeleni bazisa, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile inert ngaphezulu ukusabela bese engena e-kwezimo ezivamile ushintsho. Kuye ngezinga of namachibi hydrogen njengoba nezinye izinto, kungaba ukhonte njengenhlangano oxidant kanye reductant.

Izinto okuyinto basabela yakha hydrogen ne

ukuxhumana Elemental ukwakha izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi (ngokuvamile at okushisa ephakeme):

1. I alikhali futhi ane-alikhali emhlabeni metal + H = hydride.
2. Halogen + H ₂ = hydrogen halide.
3. Sulphur + =-hydrogen sulfide.
4. Oxygen + _H2O = amanzi.
5. Carbon + H = methane.
6. Nitrogen + H ₂ = ammonia.

Ukuxoxa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi:

1. Ulungiselela zamagama igesi i-carbon monoxide ne-hydrogen.
2. Yokutakula ngezinto kusuka oxides zabo H _2.
3. Hydrogen saturation unsaturated hydrocarbon aliphatic.

hydrogen isibopho

Izakhiwo hydrogen abanjalo ukuthi uyivumele, ngokuba ngokuqondene isici electronegative, ukwakha uhlobo olukhethekile ngokuqondene athomu efanayo yezinhlayiya eduze kokuba lisuswe ukwabiwa electron ngazimbili (isb, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen ne sasekhaya). Isibonelo esicace okungukuthi ukubukeka kangcono ngalesi simanga - kuba amanzi. Kungashiwo babehlanganisa-hydrogen izibopho kukhona ntekenteke covalent noma ionic, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi abaningi babo babe elikhulu property izinto. Eqinisweni, i-hydrogen isibopho - iyona nokuxhumana electrostatic, oluhlanganisa amanzi molecule ku dimers kanye polymers, okufakazela okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuvala abacaphuni yayo.

Hydrogen lichaza ekwakheni compounds amaminerali

Ukwakheka acid wezinto zihlanganisa i-proton - seka athomu njenge-hydrogen. Into acid ezisalayo elinendawo degree of namachibi mkhulu kunezinhliziyo (-1) kuthiwa kwakwakhe polybasic. Okwamanje kukhona ama-athomu ye-hydrogen eziningana, okwenza dissociation multistage izixazululo aqueous. Ngasinye okwalandela proton acid ezisalayo okuhlukana nzima. Ukuze kwezakhi okuqukethwe hydrogen imvelo kunqunywa asidi yayo.

Hydrogen aqukethe amaqembu hydroxyl elisekela. Basuke exhunywe kwi-athomu ye-hydrogen-mpilo, okuholela degree of namachibi we alikhali ezisalayo njalo ulingana (-1). On okuqukethwe amaqembu hydroxyl endaweni kuchazwe basicity yayo.

Ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi womuntu

Sikakhiye nge into, kanye iziqukathi namanye amagesi kuncibilike njengomoya-mpilo, kuba sengathi ethize. Bona ngesineke umbala darkish-oluhlaza nge red "hydrogen" lettering elikhanyayo. Negesi is injected ibhaluni ngesikhathi ukucindezela mayelana 150 eziphindwe. Izakhiwo hydrogen, e kalula oluthile gaseous isimo aggregate futhi isetshenziselwa ayigcwalisa nenye helium Balloons uThandeka Balloons, njll

Hydrogen, izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali okuyinto abantu baye bafunda ukusebenzisa eminyakeni eminingi edlule, okwamanje abathintekayo ezimbonini eziningi. isisindo salo esiyinhloko eya ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia. Futhi i-hydrogen ehilelekile ukukhiqizwa kwe izinsimbi (hafnium, germanium, gallium, i-silicon molybdenum, i-tungsten zirconium, nabanye) we oxides, ukukhuluma ekusabeleni njenge-ejenti ukunciphisa kanye usawoti hydrocyanic acid, methyl utshwala, futhi zokwenziwa ketshezi nophethiloli. Imboni yokudla ulisebenzisela ukuguqula amafutha yemifino ku amafutha okuqinile.

Defined chemical izakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa hydrogen hydrogenation izinqubo ezihlukahlukene futhi hydrogenation kwamafutha, amalahle, hydrocarbon, amafutha kanye esindayo uwoyela nophethiloli. Naye ukukhiqiza amagugu, esikhipha, ukuchitha ekwakheni futhi Welding imikhiqizo metal bedle ilangabi elingenawo umoya-hydrogen.