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Izakhiwo Soviet: incazelo, umlando kanye namaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Ukwakhiwa umphakathi omusha kumele iboniswe ku izinkambiso zakulelo zwe bebonke kanye izakhiwo ngokukhethekile. izakhiwo yamaSoviet besibhekene izigaba eziningana ukuthuthukiswa yena, wayazi ube nezikhathi ezinzima nezimnandi, kodwa noma kunjalo sekuyinto isenzakalo esithile e izakhiwo global. Ngo-USSR, kwakukhona abaklami eziningana kuleli zinga, futhi namuhla isikhala enkulu post-Soviet, ungabona yobuciko eziningana ngezinga lomhlaba wonke. Sichaza isitayela kanjani Evolved bokwakha Soviet, nokuthi uye savela.

Izici kanye Imisebenzi bokwakha Soviet

Ngemva Okthoba Revolution kuka-1917, uhulumeni omusha ngenkuthalo waqhamuka ushintsho yonke imikhakha yempilo. Ukuze uthole konke ngesikhathi neze kulowo izakhiwo, kodwa kungakabiphi kwaba sobala ukuthi, futhi, kufanele enze umsebenzi yamaSoviet, njengoba bonke abanye yobuciko. Eminyakeni engu-20 ngaphambi abaklami awazange ifakwa ngokuqondile umsebenzi ukwakha isikhala esisha, kodwa Abadali ngokwabo babesizwa kakhulu ukuthi kwase kuyisikhathi sokuba amafomu amasha futhi wafuna amazwi imibono ushintsho. Kodwa kamuva izakhiwo Soviet lwenzelwe ukukhonza imibono zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. Zonke art eSoviet Union Sasiwukufakazela okuwukuphela kwendlela efanele ukuthuthukiswa - a sezenhlalo. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni izici eziyinhloko izakhiwo Soviet, eyayintula njalo ukuba ngokuyinhloko kusekelwe endleleni ethile yokucabanga, kodwa kule minyaka - enhle. Uma ekuqaleni, abadali bakwazile ukuhlanganisa namanje umusa umbono wobuhle bese kancane kancane wakhala aesthetics ye utilitarian, futhi lokhu kwaholela ekuncipheni bezikhali izakhiwo ezinkulu.

dweba zomlando

Ukuthuthukiswa izakhiwo Soviet isidlulile izigaba eziningana. Umsuka walo mkhuba lihlotshaniswa kwenkathi 20 - ekuqaleni 30s, lapho kukhona search asebenzayo amafomu amasha, reinvents amathekhiniki zakudala bokwakha. Ngalesi sikhathi kwakhiwa izinkomba ezimbili eziyinhloko izakhiwo avant-garde Soviet: constructivism futhi rationalism. Ekupheleni kwe-30s kuyacaca ukuthi avant-garde ayikho indlela eSoviet isiko ngemibono. It uqala ukwakha izakhiwo ezintsha, okuyinto luhlose ukugubha ubukhulu ipumelelo umqondo sezenhlalo. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa the imibono kwesikhathi uvinjelwe seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, ngemva kwalokho inkathi entsha bokwakha. It is ezihambisana hhayi kuphela ukubuyiselwa imizi, kodwa futhi ukudalwa isikhala entsha eyayizosiza ukusekela indoda nomuzwa ukuziqhenya ezweni labo. Kuyinto ku eyakha lesi isisekelo ngemibono is by umbuso kukaStalin, nge propensity yayo ngoba esikalini. Ukuqala 60s yashubisa inkinga bokwakha yokuhlala. Abantu baphila ezimweni abaphansi abahlala endaweni ngokungemthetho, futhi lokhu akukwazanga isibaluli kabusha post-yimpi. Kuyadingeka ukuba ukuxazulula inkinga mass ukwakhiwa kwezindlu. Le nkinga yaxazululeka by okwenza amaphrojekthi eshibhile. Kwakuyinhlekelele ngoba izakhiwo Soviet. okuyinto ukhethe indlela engcono kakhulu yentuthuko balandela French e izinhlobo yabo nemisebenzi ukwakhiwa.

Yonke imizamo yokudala abaklami neyaziwayo ngokweqile futhi elimazayo. Yini eyenza abadali ukuba sihlanganyele "iphepha izakhiwo", ie. E. Ukuze ukudala amaphrojekthi nge Lalingekho ithemba lokuthi bangaphinde Ukuqaphela. In the 80s, abaklami Soviet sikuqaphela ngokugcwele obumbi esondelayo emkhathizwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, ke ubuswa ejwayelekile, iphrojekthi azikubheki. Architecture siguqulwe kusukela art a amakhono elula umdvwebo. Yena kancane baqala ukuvela crisis kuze kube sekupheleni 90s, kodwa ukuthi ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa Soviet.

avant-garde Soviet

Ekupheleni kulwiwa, kukhona umbuzo mayelana nokubuyiselwa eMoscow. Ngalesi sikhathi bokwakha wezwe isungule izikhombisi ezimbili ezintsha: constructivism futhi rationalism. Zadalelwa abakhi okusasele sekukhona ngaphakathi amasiko Russian kanye zaseYurophu, kodwa wabona isidingo ukudala izakhiwo ezintsha uzohlangana ezingokoqobo entsha. Nakuba abadali bakhangwa umbono yokudala umphakathi omusha kanye kumiswa entsha, abantu obunobunye.

Constructivists eholwa abazalwane Vesnin, uKonstantin Melnikov, Moisei Ginzburg babekholelwa ukuthi indlela yokwakheka isakhiwo kumele ihlangabezane umsebenzi. Enqaba embili zomlando, indima esemqoka wanika umklamo elula nge okungenani umhlobiso. Siyabonga kubo eSoviet avant-garde is okucetshiswe izikhungo ezifana round endlini K. Melnikov e Moscow, kwakhiwe iphephandaba "Izvestia", Palace of Culture Zil, nabanye abaningi. Isiqondiso waba kahle kakhulu etholwe abaklami amagatsha aso ayengumlilo eLeningrad, laseKharkov, Gorky, Sverdlovsk. Emadolobheni amaningi ezwe elaliyi-USSR futhi namuhla esizazisayo izakhiwo constructivist.

Eyesibili avant-garde isiqondiso, rationalism, eholwa N. Ladovsky noB Krinsky, wathola ukuqaliswa ezincane kuno constructivism. Ngoba lezizinto ikakhulu kubonakala umsebenzi isakhiwo akhawunti Psychology okuqonda indoda. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-30-yalolucwaningo we-avant-garde ubelokhu eqashelwa ideologically alien art Soviet bese zilinda ngokushesha khona. Kamuva rationalism ukuthi "ukuvuselelwa" nemibono yakhe abangu kabanzi izakhiwo ku 60s.

Architecture 30-40s

Phakathi nawo-30s izakhiwo Soviet engena inkathi entsha. Amandla entsha ukuvuthwa isidingo yokuvuselela omkhulu zokuhlala kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi, ukwakhiwa uhlobo olusha izindawo, ezifana indawo embukisweni wezolimo. Iyahola izindlela zomdabu nezindlela izindlela. Ehola umakhi traditionalist uthola indawo enhle kakhulu esikoleni ubudala Neoclassicist I. Zholtovsky. Retrospektivist imibono yabo, abuyele kazwelonke umkhuba uthando ngamakhalamu, pilasters, nemengamo, njll Phakathi nale nkathi, khulu kuthonywa constructivism, kodwa emthambekeni zabuna isiba ngokucace kakhudlwana. Ngaphambi kwempi yezwe yesibili kuleli zwe, ikakhulukazi e Moscow, kukhona boom ukwakhiwa. Enea avele eziyinkimbinkimbi, Library State. Lenin, ezakhiwe eziningana YaseMoscow iziteshi kaMasipala. Ngo laseKharkov, elamiswa Ensemble Dzerzhinsky Square. E Yerevan, kukhona Uhulumeni House. Kumephu zase-USSR, idolobha elisha, okuyinto uhlela Ihlanganisa umqondo izakhiwo ezintsha. Lawa Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Magnitogorsk, eKhabarovsk. Ngaphambi kwempi, abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-170 ngeminyaka yawo-square zwe. amamitha kwezindlu. Kancane kancane akha, isitayela emisha yayitholakala zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

umbuso kukaStalin

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II umlando izakhiwo Soviet Ufake esigabeni esisha. Kwangithatha kwemithombo kabusha nemizana ubhujiswe. Phakathi nawo-40s eSoviet Union akha yesibili ngemva constructivism "isitayela omkhulu" bokwakha - umbuso kaStalin. Uye kuhlanganiswe tinkhombandlela eziningana: Classicism, Baroque, Art Deco Empire. Kwakuthinta libhekene ububanzi, ubukhazikhazi, sasinjani. Buildings lesi sitayela ayehloselwe khombisa isikali ngokunqoba kweSoviet futhi impumelelo. Uphawu lokhu isitayela eyaduma eMoscow "amafu": Moscow State University, ihhotela "Ukraine", Ministry of Foreign Affairs nabanye. umbuso kukaStalin baba isitayela evelele iminyaka engu-150, kushintshile ubuso lizwe. izakhiwo uStalin uvele cishe yonke imizi yezwe.

IMisa izakhiwo zokuhlala

Ngo ngemva kwempi inkinga acute izindlu. Kodwa eminyakeni engu-50 ubuholi bayo ayikwazanga ukunquma, ngakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuze kubuyiselwe ingqalasizinda ukukhiqiza. Kodwa kule 60s ukuhlehlisa isinqumo kwalo msebenzi kwakungenakwenzeka. Vele ngalesi sikhathi kwaphela inkathi Stalin futhi Khrushchev wabiza esiphezulu ukunciphisa izindleko ukwakhiwa yokuhlala. Wabuye wasungula silwa "ukweqisa yobuciko", umfuziselo Kuye kwanconywa ukuthatha French Quarters functionalism. Ngakho kwakukhona Cheryomushki abadumile, njengoba isibonelo ephilayo imvelo entsha. Kwikota yokuqala sasingabantwana bayozondwa kwengqalasizinda kanye izakhiwo Kumele unikeze endaweni ubuncane umhlali ngamunye.

Architecture 60-80s

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-60-yalolucwaningo iqala a okukhulu ukugeleza yomugqa ukwakhiwa ejwayelekile izindlu. Kuyo yonke imizi nemizana kweSoviet Union kukhona izindlu kusukela ihlanganiswe imininingwane ukhonkolo. Ukwakhiwa kuyashesha, abantu ezindlini. Kodwa ukusebenzisa igama elithi "izakhiwo" isakhiwo kunzima, ngoba lesi sakhiwo wayengumJuda izimpawu ngokuphelele futhi iyunifomu. Ngakho nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu wesifunda yaseSoviet yokuthuthela umklamo ejwayelekile kunoma iyiphi idolobha kwakunjani uphizi ezimbili pod efana nezinye izindawo. Yilokho ngakho wahleka umqondisi wamabhayisikobho Eldar Ryazanov e ifilimu "Siphukuto ka Ukudalelwa." Ukwakhiwa omkhulu okuphambili kanye nempi yokulwa extravagances yezakhiwo kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi 80 th unyaka lo mkhuba izakhiwo Soviet yaphenduka lutho. Yiqiniso, kwakukhona abanye abadali izakhiwo azinake, kodwa izakhiwo Sisonke e inhlekelele enkulu. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ophilayo lokusungula yezakhiwo njengoba babesuka kwelinye dolobha ye izifundazwe kanye iRiphabliki.

"Paper" izakhiwo

In the 80s, lapho izakhiwo ezisemthethweni nenkathi yamaSoviet inhlekelele, kukhona lesi simanga engavamile. abaklami Young ngaleso sikhathi Ubungeke ukwazi ukubala hhayi kuphela ukuqaliswa imibono yabo, kodwa ngisho nokuqashelwa kwabo njengenhlangano esemthethweni. Ngakho-ke, baye wadala amaphrojekthi ephepheni, bavame ukuthunyelwa ukuba imincintiswano ezahlukene angaphandle bese win imiklomelo. Kule ndawo eba sonke isizukulwane abaklami ezinhle. Ingabe abasunguli ukunyakaza A. Brodsky, I. Utkin, Mikhail Belov, Yu AVVAKUMOV, M. Kharitonov. Abakhi athuthukile isitayela yabo nekwetfula imibono. Njengoba babeqiniseka ukuthi amaphrojekthi angeke waqaphela, bagxila endleleni isethulo ezibukwayo umqondo. Eziningi zalezi abaklami babephefumulelwe imibono endala, nakuba ngokuvamile kwenziwe imiklamo Futuristic.

Abakhi engcono ye-USSR

izakhiwo Soviet engxenyeni yokuqala emlandweni wawo athuthukile sibonga lokusungula of abaklami ababefunda futhi bafinyelele ngisho ezikhathini yasebukhosini. Uma lokhu isizukulwane bungasekho, kuza inkathi emfushane yokulungiswa ezolile. Kodwa ngokushesha ikhula ithimba elisha lezifundiswa ezingu abaklami eziletha imibono emisha kanye nezinselele ezintsha. Ezinye abaklami best of the ochwepheshe USSR attribute K. Melnikova, V. Tatlin, A. Shchusev. Lezi constructivists bakha ukuziqhenya wangempela wezwe lethu izakhiwo global. Libuye phakathi best bokwakha ezifuyiwe yikona N. Ladovsky, Rerberg, Vesnin abafowethu, u-Alexander Krasovsky. umnikelo Omkhulu ekwakhekeni isithombe emadolobheni amaningi Soviet babe I. Zholtovsky, VN Semenov, AN Dokuchaev lofan B., B. Krinsky. Ngo kwamaSoviet, siye kwakhiwa wezakhiwo ababenolwazi ithuba zidlulisela isikhala post-Soviet emva kabusha. Phakathi kwabo kuwufanele kokukhuluma Utkin, A. Brodsky, Yuri Grigoryan.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Soviet-inkathi izakhiwo ugcwele izinto ezithakazelisayo futhi amaqiniso. Ngakho, round endlini K. Melnikov ingenye ubhedu emhlabeni izikhumbuzo Constructivist. Ezivelele wezakhiwo global Le Korbyuze wavakashela eMoscow kathathu, kugcugcutela imibono emisha. Esikhathini 30s iphrojekthi enkulu bokwakha Soviet yadalwa - Palace of amaSoviet, obude bakhe ukuba ayi-400, 100 izibuya. Ukuqalisa it, yasha ngu LikaKristu UMsindisi Cathedral, kodwa waqaphela ukuthi uhlelo wayengekho.

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