KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Inhlabathi ihlathi Russia

indawo isiRashiya ngempela ebanzi. Kuyinto uhulumeni ngobukhulu by endaweni. amazwe ukunweba amakhilomitha ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanye ukusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga. Isimo sezulu kanye inhlabathi kuleli zwe awafani. Climate - kusukela arctic ngonya esihle. Umhlabathi, esikhundleni salokho - yamakhaza seqhwa ezingwadule arctic enyakatho kuya eyomile semi ehlane eningizimu.

asemaqeleni zone

Kuye nokuklanywa kanye izimo zezulu yezwe, kwakheka ikhava inhlabathi of ukuthungwa ehlukene kanye nenzalo.

indawo Russian ihlukaniswe okulandelayo izindawo zemvelo :

  • ezingwadule Arctic;
  • Umbala;
  • ihlathi-emathafeni;
  • ehlathini;
  • broadleaf futhi amahlathi okuxubile ;
  • asemaqeleni;
  • asemaqeleni;
  • ehlane;
  • ezisondelene nazo.

izindawo kahle ngenhloso yezolimo abhekwa izifunda yehlathi asemaqeleni, asemaqeleni kanye ezisondelene nazo.

Asemaqeleni zone libhekene alternation ehlathini asemaqeleni amazwe. Kule ndawo kukhona wapheka-podzol, marsh, grey ihlathi ashed, usawoti ikhotha kanye nenhlabathi black ejwayelekile.

Ihlathi inhlabathi kanye ukubunjwa yabo

Leli hlathi-asemaqeleni - endaweni yemvelo etholakala phakathi ehlathini bese sithi ukuhlaba asemaqeleni zone nokuklanywa. Asemaqeleni esifundeni eqhubeka ezweni East European Plain kanye West laseSiberia Plain ingxenye, kanye ngokusebenzisa Insimu Urals Southern. Ezinye izindawo ihlathi zitholakala ngaphakathi Pannonian Plain.

Russian inhlabathi yasehlathini kwakheka inqubo eside komjikelezo inhlabathi-ukwakha. Ukuqala ukwakheka zone elihlobene ne-inkathi Ukuvalwa isikhathi glacial. EMpumalanga Yurophu futhi Western eSiberia ihlathi endaweni yakheke kahle futhi siye ohlangothini kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga ihlukaniswe yaba izifunda ezintathu: Ekude, eSiberia naseMpumalanga.

inhlabathi yasehlathini izakhiwo zihlukile ukubunjwa yabo kanye nemvelaphi, okungukuthi, yena, inquma nokugcinwa umsebenzi womuntu yezolimo kanye ngokucacile yayo.

Ihlathi-asemaqeleni - umthombo amasu ka Russia

Le ndawo ingqikithi yalesi zone imayelana million 150 amahektha, noma mayelana 7% endaweni ingqikithi isimo. Isimo sezulu kuphazamise uhlamvu zonal yokuthi onjani inhlabathi ehlathini ukubuswa kuye imvula, izinga lokushisa kanye nekhava kwezimila. Isimo sezulu leli hlathi liyashintsha ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu, libhekene umehluko yesifundazwe, ebheka ukuthi inhlabathi asemaqeleni Russia kungenzeka kakhulu ezahlukene ukuthungwa kanye nokufaneleka. Inhlabathi izinhlobo efakwe umkhathizwe humus. Ukuba khona humus ungqimba ngamasentimitha esingaphansi amabili kubhekwa kuwuphawu nenhlabathi abampofu. Angaphezu kwamashumi amane - inhlabathi kubhekwa ofanele ukuziphatha wezolimo.

Le ndawo elikhulu ezweni efanelekayo ewela asemaqeleni Russian. Nenhlabathi kwendawo elinywayo ukuba amaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili. Ngenxa izinga lokuzala laliphakeme kakhulu futhi humus ungqimba kokuba iningi elikhulu izitshalo etshalwa. For the main okuyingxenye okusanhlamvu inhlabathi yasehlathini sisihle. Kulesi zone, ukolweni, rye, corn, nokunye okufana nokolweni. ukutshala izitshalo zezimboni sezingeni elithuthukile: sunflower, beetroot, ukudlwengula oilseed.

Ukwakhiwa kanye nezinhlobo nenhlabathi ezonini ihlathi-asemaqeleni yezwe

Ihlathi inhlabathi kwakheka izimo sokukhula kwamahlathi kanye nezimfunda.

ikhava Soil ihlathi zone imiswe phakathi kwamazinyo zezitshalo izinsalela nezihlahla utshani nezihlahla. Biomass oluqinile ezifundeni ngaphezulu agrocenoses eziningana ensimini futhi ifinyelela amathani 100 500 ehektheleni, kuye ngokuthi isihlahla ubudala. On ihlathi izinsalela inhlabathi yasehlathini ngonyaka ithola amathani ehektheleni ndaba ezomile ehlanganisa kusuka 50 kuya 700 khilogremu ngayinye ehektheleni umlotha nabavoti ngalinye 2 kuya ku-30. Umcebo oluqinile izinsalela nitrogen (50-85 kg / ha) ne-calcium (70-95 kg / ha) enquma ukutholakala kwezimo ezinhle ukuze kwakhiwe of nenhlabathi evundile.

Ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho zone ihlathi-asemaqeleni cover umhlabathi kuchazwa ikakhulukazi grey ihlathi umhlaba, leached futhi podzolized chernozems. On grey ihlathi nenhlabathi uqhutshwa ezolimo zazivuma. 55% endaweni elinywayo, kodwa umhlaba omnyama - 40%.

Ngu ezinzulwini nemihosha, nemishayo, nemibundu, ayimigodi futhi agcwalise, uma komhlaba eduze (1.2 imitha), akhiwa glei inhlabathi humus futhi wapheka glei kwezinhlansi pratensis edlelweni nezihlahla. Asetshenziswa njengezitolo hayfields kanye namadlelo.

Ezindaweni ethafeni inhlabathi endaweni medium- futhi silnosmytyh ingeqi 5%, kanti ngesikhathi eziphakeme phezulu 20% noma ngaphezulu.

Ezingxenyeni ezingaphakathi eningizimu yehlathi, emazweni wezolimo ikakhulu ise chernozems leached futhi ejwayelekile. Etshalwayo mayelana 87% endaweni umhlaba ngokuphelele. Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi umhlabathi olimekayo isendaweni eyehlelayo. Namandla amanzi ashaya leli dwala wadalula mayelana amathathu amaphesenti angu-umhlabathi olimekayo, kuze kufinyelele 40-50% emali kwezinye izindawo ezithile.

Ukwenqaba inhlabathi okuzala - yesigemegeme Ngokuzayo

Ukwehla oqinile nenzalo kwenhlabathi emnyama kunomthelela ukuncipha unomphela izakhamzimba. Isizathu salokhu iyona ezolimo zazivuma. A ukwehla elibukhali okuqukethwe humus inhlabathi anda ukuminyana ngokomzimba, Ukuwohloka isakhiwo kanye izakhiwo ngokomzimba yamanzi-nokwelashwa ngenxa yokubiza kwezinto esindayo ipulazi imishini.

Inhlabathi ihlathi ERussia namuhla enqubeni kakhulu kwezolimo ezingaphezu kuka-30% ilahlekelwe okuzala yayo. Le nqubo ubhekwa engelapheki. Ukwakheka eyodwa isentimitha wangaphezulu Kuthatha cishe iminyaka 125-400 ubudala endle. Yomonakalo owenziwe umuntu, nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Ngemva kwalokho, ngaphandle kokubona ubuhlobo obufanele ukuba zigcine amasu komhlaba wezwe kuyaphazamiseka ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo nemvelo. Lokhu kuyoholela ekuthuleni ukunyamalala evundile kule minyaka 40-50 esilandelayo. Sethemba, umphakathi bahlakaniphe futhi enengqondo ngeke sivumele nenhlekelele enjalo oda global ekuphishekeleni imali enkulu.

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